In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant rates in most non-pathological situations, the expression of other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions.
The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically tRNA and rRNA. For experimental purposes, the expression of one or multiple housekeeping genes is used as a reference point for the analysis of expression levels of other genes. The key criterion for the use of a housekeeping gene in this manner is that the chosen housekeeping gene is uniformly expressed with low variance under both control and experimental conditions. Validation of housekeeping genes should be performed before their use in gene expression experiments such as RT-PCR.
The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes." For a more complete list, see this list compiled by Eli Eisenberg and Erez Lavanon. Entries that appear without a reference are from this updated list from 2013.
ATF1 NM_005171ATF2 NM_001880ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 NM_001675ATF6 NM_007348ATF7 NM_001206682ATF7IP NM_018179BTF3 NM_001207 Homo sapiens basic transcription factor 3E2F4 Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding (E2F4), mRNAERH (gene) Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of drosophila (which in turn is the first enzymatic step in pyrimidine synthesis. Regulated by MITF)HMGB1 High mobility group box binds DNAILF2 Homo sapiens interleukin enhancer binding factor 2, 45kDa (ILF2), mRNAIER2 formerly ETR101 Immediate Early Protein?JUND Homo sapiens jun D proto-oncogene (JUND), mRNATCEB2 ElonginRepressors
PUF60 Homo sapiens fuse-binding protein-interacting repressor (SIAHBP1), transcriptBAT1 aka DDX39BHNRPD Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNAHNRPK Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRPK), transcriptPABPN1 poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1SRSF3 splicing factor, arginine/serine-richEIF1 aka SUI1EIF1ADEIF1BEIF2AEIF2AK1EIF2AK3EIF2AK4EIF2AK1EIF2B2EIF2B3EIF2B4EIF2S2EIF3AEIF3BEIF3D formerly EIF3S4EIF3GEIF3IEIF3HEIF3JEIF3KEIF3LEIF3MEIF3S5EIF3S8EIF4A1EIF4A2EIF4A3EIF4E2EIF4G1EIF4G2EIF4G3EIF4HEIF5EIF5EIF5AEIF5AL1EIF5BEIF6TUFM Tu translational elongation factor mitochondrialtRNA synthetases
AARS NM_001605 alanyl-tRNA synthetaseAARS2 NM_020745 alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialAARSD1 NM_001261434 alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1CARS NM_001751 cysteinyl-tRNA synthetaseCARS2 NM_024537 cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)DARS NM_001349 aspartyl-tRNA synthetaseDARS2 NM_018122 aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialEARS2 NM_001083614 glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialFARS2 NM_006567 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialFARSA NM_004461 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, alpha subunitFARSB NM_005687 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunitGARS NM_002047 glycyl-tRNA synthetaseHARS NM_002109 histidyl-tRNA synthetaseHARS2 NM_012208 histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialIARS NM_002161 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetaseIARS2 NM_018060 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialKARS NM_005548 Homo sapiens lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KARS), mRNALARS2 NM_015340 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialMARS NM_004990 methionyl-tRNA synthetaseMARS2 NM_138395 methionyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialNARS NM_004539 asparaginyl-tRNA synthetaseNARS2 NM_024678 asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)QARS NM_005051 glutaminyl-tRNA synthetaseRARS NM_002884 arginyl-tRNA synthetaseRARS2 NM_020320 arginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialSARS NM_006513 Homo sapiens seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS), mRNATARS NM_152295 threonyl-tRNA synthetaseVARS2 NM_020442 valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialWARS2 NM_015836 tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrialYARS NM_003680 Homo sapiens tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS), mRNAYARS2 NM_001040436 Homo sapiens tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS), mRNA mitochondrialRNA binding protein
ELAVL1RPL5RPL8RPL9RPL10ARPL11RPL14RPL25RPL26L1RPL27RPL30RPL32RPL34RPL35RPL35ARPL36ALRPS5RPS6RPS6KA3RPS6KB1RPS6KB2RPS13RPS19BP1
RPS20RPS23RPS24RPS27 transcribed with ubiquitin (see FAU (gene))RPN1 Ribophorin anchors the ribosome to rough endoplasmic reticulumMRPL9MRPL1MRPL10MRPL11MRPL12MRPL13MRPL14MRPL15MRPL16MRPL17MRPL18MRPL19MRPL2MRPL20MRPL21MRPL22MRPL23MRPL24MRPL27MRPL28MRPL3MRPL30MRPL32MRPL33MRPL35MRPL36MRPL37MRPL38MRPL4MRPL40MRPL41MRPL42MRPL43MRPL44MRPL45MRPL46MRPL47MRPL48MRPL49MRPL50MRPL51MRPL52MRPL53MRPL54MRPL55MRPL9MRPS10MRPS11MRPS12MRPS14MRPS15MRPS16MRPS17MRPS18AMRPS18BMRPS18CMRPS2MRPS21MRPS22MRPS23MRPS24MRPS25MRPS26MRPS27MRPS28MRPS30MRPS31MRPS33MRPS34MRPS35MRPS5MRPS6MRPS7MRPS9POLR1CPOLR1DPOLR1EPOLR2APOLR2BPOLR2CPOLR2DPOLR2EPOLR2FPOLR2GPOLR2HPOLR2IPOLR2JPOLR2KPOLR2L POLR3CPOLR3EPOLR3GLPOLR3KPPID Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase DPPIE Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase EPPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FPPIG Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase GPPIH Cyclophilin HCANX Calnexin. Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulumCAPN1 Calpain subunitCAPN7CAPNS1 Calpain protease subunitNACA Nascent polypeptide associated complex alpha polypeptideNACA2PFDN2 Prefoldin 2PFDN4 Prefoldin 4PFDN5 Prefoldin 5PFDN6 Prefoldin 6SNX2 Sorting nexin 2SNX3 Sorting nexin 3SNX4 Sorting nexin 4SNX5 Sorting nexin 5SNX6 Sorting nexin 6SNX9 Sorting nexin 9SNX12 Sorting nexin 12SNX13 Sorting nexin 13SNX17 Sorting nexin 17SNX18 Sorting nexin 18SNX19 Sorting nexin 19SNX25 Sorting nexin 25SSR1 Translocon-associated protein TRAPA. Protein translocation in ERSSR2 Translocon-associated protein TRAPB. Protein translocation in ERSSR3 Translocon-associated protein TRAPG. Protein translocation in ERSUMO1 Protein targetingSUMO3 Protein targetingHSPA4HSPA5HSPA8HSPA9HSPA14HSBP1HIST1H2BCH1FXH2AFVH2AFXH2AFY Histone 2 SubfamilyH2AFZ essential for embryogenesisThere is significant overlap in function with regards to some of these proteins. In particular, the Rho-related genes are important in nuclear trafficking (i.e.: mitosis) as well as with mobility along the cytoskeleton in general. These genes of particular interest in cancer research.
ARHGAP35ARHGAP5ARHGDIAARHGEF10L Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10LARHGEF11 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11ARHGEF40 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 40ARHGEF7 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7RAB10 NM_016131 The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranesRAB11A NM_004663RAB11B NM_004218RAB14 NM_016322RAB18 NM_021252RAB1A NM_004161 Homo sapiens RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family (RAB1A), mRNARAB1B NM_030981RAB21 NM_014999RAB22A NM_020673RAB2A NM_002858RAB2B NM_001163380RAB3GAP1 NM_012233RAB3GAP2 NM_012414RAB40C NM_021168RAB4A NM_004578RAB5A NM_004162RAB5B NM_002865RAB5C NM_004583RAB6A NM_002868RAB7A NM_004637RAB9A NM_004251RABEP1 NM_004703RABEPK NM_005833RABGEF1 NM_014504RABGGTA NM_004581RABGGTB NM_004582CENPB Centromere protein BCTBP1 Centromere protein TCCNB1IP1 NM_021178 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Modulates cyclin B levels and participates in the regulation of cell cycle progression through the G2 phaseCCNDBP1 NM_012142 May negatively regulate cell cycle progressionCCNG1 NM_004060 May play a role in growth regulationCCNH NM_001239 Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycleCCNK NM_001099402 Regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases that mediates phosphorylation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase IICCNL1 NM_020307 Transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing processCCNL2 NM_030937 Transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing process. Also modulates the expression of critical apoptotic factor, leading to cell apoptosis.CCNY NM_145012 Positive regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK14/PFTK1 and CDK16. Acts as a cell-cycle regulator of Wnt signaling pathway during G2/M phasePPP1CA NM_002708 Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targetsPPP1CC NM_002710PPP1R10 NM_002714PPP1R11 NM_021959 Homo sapiens protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 11 (PPP1R11),PPP1R15B NM_032833PPP1R37 NM_019121PPP1R7 NM_002712PPP1R8 NM_002713PPP2CA NM_002715PPP2CB NM_001009552PPP2R1A NM_014225 Negative regulator of growth and cell divisionHomo sapiens protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory subunit A (PR 65),PPP2R2A NM_002717PPP2R2D NM_018461PPP2R3C NM_017917PPP2R4 NM_021131PPP2R5A NM_006243PPP2R5B NM_006244PPP2R5C NM_002719PPP2R5D NM_006245PPP2R5E NM_006246PPP4C NM_002720PPP4R1 NM_005134PPP4R2 NM_174907PPP5C NM_006247PPP6C NM_002721PPP6R2 NM_014678PPP6R3 NM_018312RAD1Homo sapiens ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor (RNH), mRNARAD17 NM_002869 Essential for sustained cell growth, maintenance of chromosomal stability, and ATR-dependent checkpoint activation upon DNA damageRAD23B NM_002873RAD50 NM_005732RAD51C NM_002874IST1 (locates to central dividing line of dividing cells)DAD1 Defender against cell deathDAP3 Involved in mediating interferon-gamma-induced cell death.DAXX Death Associated Protein 6ARAFMAZ (gene)MYC also considered a transcription factorMCM3AP possibly a primaseXRCC5 NM_021141 Ku80XRCC6 NM_001469 Homo sapiens thyroid autoantigen: Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation.PRKAG1 Senses energy level and inactivates HMGCoA reductase and Acetyl CoA CarboxylasePRKAA1 NM_006251 Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolismPRKAB1 NM_006253 Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolismPRKACA NM_002730 Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.PRKAG1 NM_002733 Homo sapiens protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit (PRKAG1), mRNAPRKAR1A NM_002734 Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cellsPRKRIP1 NM_024653 Binds double-stranded RNA. Inhibits EIF2AK2 kinase activity (By similarity).ALDOAB3GALT6 NM_080605B4GALT3 NM_003779 Homo sapiens UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 3B4GALT5 NM_004776B4GALT7 NM_007255GSK3AGSK3BTPI1PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinasePGAM5ENOPH1 Enolase phosphataseLDHA Lactate dehydrogenaseTALDO1 Transaldolase in pentose shuntTSTA3 Mannose metabolismSDHA NM_004168 Succinate Dehydrogenase subunit ASDHAF2 NM_017841SDHB NM_002973 Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)SDHC NM_003000 Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).SDHD NM_003001HADHA Trifunctional protein subunit alphaCOMT Catechol-O-methyl transferase)NDUFA2NM_002488NDUFA3 NM_004542NDUFA4 NM_002489NDUFA5 NM_005000NDUFA6 NM_002490NDUFA7 NM_005001 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 7, 14.5kDaNDUFA8 NM_014222NDUFA9 NM_005002NDUFA10 NM_004544NDUFA11 NM_175614NDUFA12 NM_018838NDUFA13 NM_015965NDUFAF2 NM_174889NDUFAF3 NM_199069NDUFAF4 NM_014165NDUFB2 NM_004546NDUFB3 NM_002491NDUFB4 NM_004547NDUFB5 NM_002492NDUFB6 NM_002493NDUFB7 NM_004146 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 7, 18kDaNDUFB10 NM_004548NDUFB11 NM_019056NDUFB8 NM_005004NDUFB9 NM_005005NDUFC1 NM_002494Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, subcomplex unknown, 1, 6kDaNDUFC2 NM_004549NDUFC2-KCTD14 NM_001203260NDUFS5NDUFV2NDUFS2 NM_004550NDUFS3 NM_004551NDUFS4 NM_002495NDUFS5 NM_004552 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDaNDUFS6 NM_004553NDUFS7 NM_024407NDUFS8 NM_002496NDUFV1 NM_007103 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1, 51kDa (NDUFV1),NDUFV2 NM_021074 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2, 24kDa (NDUFV2),(Note that COX1, COX2, and COX3 are mitochondrially encoded)
COX4I1 001861COX5B NM_001862COX6B1 NM_001863COX6C NM_004374COX7A2 NM_001865 Homo sapiens cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa polypeptide 2 (liver) (COX7A2),COX7A2L NM_004718COX7C NM_001867COX8COX8A NM_004074 Homo sapiens cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII (COX8), nuclear gene encodingCOX11 NM_004375COX14 NM_032901COX15 NM_004376COX16 NM_016468COX19 NM_001031617COX20 NM_198076CYC1 Homo sapiens cytochrome c-1 (CYC1)UQCC NM_018244 Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex)UQCR10 NM_013387UQCR11 NM_006830 Homo sapiens ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase (6.4kD) subunit (UQCR), mRNAUQCRB NM_006294UQCRC1 NM_003365 Homo sapiens ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I (UQCRC1), mRNAUQCRC2 NM_003366UQCRHL NM_001089591UQCRQ NM_014402 Homo sapiens low molecular mass ubiquinone-binding protein (9.5kD) (QP-C), mRNAATP2C1 NM_014382ATP5A1 NM_004046 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alphaATP5B NM_001686ATP5C1 NM_005174ATP5D NM_001687 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, deltaATP5F1 NM_001688ATP5G2 NM_005176ATP5G3 NM_001689 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit cATP5H NM_006356 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit dATP5J NM_001685ATP5J2 NM_004889 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit f,ATP5J2-PTCD1 NM_001198879ATP5L NM_006476ATP5O NM_001697 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunitATP5S NM_015684ATP5SL NM_018035ATP6AP1 NM_001183 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal interacting protein 1 (ATP6IP1),ATP6V0A2 NM_012463ATP6V0B NM_004047 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 21kDa, V0 subunit c (ATP6V0B),ATP6V0C NM_001694 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16kDa, V0 subunit c (ATP6V0C),ATP6V0D1 NM_004691ATP6V0E1 NM_003945ATP6V1C1 NM_001695ATP6V1D NM_015994ATP6V1E1 NM_001696 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31kDa, V1 subunit E isoform 1ATP6V1F NM_004231 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 14kDa, V1 subunit F (ATP6V1F),ATP6V1G1 NM_004888 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G isoform 1ATP6V1H NM_015941ATPAF2 NM_145691ATPIF1 NM_016311CTSD can degrade insulin in hepatocytesCSTB May protect cell from leaking lysosomesLAMP1LAMP2M6PRPSMA1 NM_002786PSMA2 NM_002787PSMA3 NM_002788PSMA4 NM_002789PSMA5 NM_002790PSMA6 NM_002791PSMA7 NM_002792 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 7 (PSMA7),PSMB1 NM_002793 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1 (PSMB1), mRNAPSMB2 NM_002794 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 2 (PSMB2), mRNAPSMB3 NM_002795PSMB4 NM_002796 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 4 (PSMB4), mRNAPSMB5 NM_002797PSMB6 NM_002798PSMB7 NM_002799 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 7 (PSMB7), mRNAPSMC2 NM_002803PSMC3 NM_002804PSMC4 NM_006503PSMC5 NM_002805PSMC6 NM_002806PSMD1 NM_002807PSMD10 NM_002814PSMD11 NM_002815 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 11PSMD12 NM_002816PSMD13 NM_002817PSMD14 NM_005805PSMD2 NM_002808PSMD3 NM_002809PSMD4 NM_002810PSMD5 NM_005047PSMD6 NM_014814PSMD7 NM_002811PSMD8 NM_002812 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 8 (PSMD8),PSMD9 NM_002813PSME2 NM_002818 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) activator subunit 2 (PA28 beta)PSME3 NM_005789PSMF1 NM_006814PSMG2 NM_020232PSMG3 NM_032302PSMG4 NM_001128591UBA1 NM_003334 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (A1S9T and BN75 temperatureUBA2 NM_005499UBA3 NM_003968UBA5 NM_024818UBA52 NM_003333UBAC2 NM_177967UBALD1 NM_145253UBAP1 NM_016525UBAP2L NM_014847UBB NM_018955 Homo sapiens ubiquitin B (UBB), mRNAUBC NM_021009 Homo sapiens ubiquitin C (UBC), mRNAUBE2A NM_003336UBE2B NM_003337UBE2D2 NM_003339 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 2 (UBC4/5 homolog, yeast)UBE2D3 NM_003340UBE2D4 NM_015983UBE2E1 NM_003341UBE2E2 NM_152653UBE2E3 NM_006357UBE2F NM_080678UBE2G2 NM_003343UBE2H NM_003344UBE2I NM_003345 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (UBC9 homolog, yeast) (UBE2I),UBE2J1 NM_016021UBE2J2 NM_058167UBE2K NM_005339UBE2L3 NM_003347UBE2M NM_003969 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M (UBC12 homolog, yeast) (UBE2M),UBE2N NM_003348UBE2NL NM_001012989UBE2Q1 NM_017582UBE2R2 NM_017811UBE2V1 NM_021988UBE2V2 NM_003350UBE2W NM_018299UBE2Z NM_023079UBE3A NM_000462UBE3B NM_130466UBE3C NM_014671UBE4A NM_004788UBE4B NM_006048USP10 NM_005153USP14 NM_005151USP16 NM_006447USP19 NM_006677USP22 NM_015276USP25 NM_013396USP27X NM_001145073USP33 NM_015017USP38 NM_032557USP39 NM_006590USP4 NM_003363USP47 NM_017944USP5 NM_003481USP7 NM_003470USP8 NM_005154USP9X NM_001039590RNH Ribonuclease inhibitorTXN2 NM_012473TXNDC11 NM_015914TXNDC12 NM_015913TXNDC15 NM_024715TXNDC17 NM_032731TXNDC9 NM_005783TXNL1 NM_004786TXNL4A NM_006701TXNL4B NM_017853TXNRD1 NM_003330ANXA6ANXA7ARPC1A Actin-related peptideARPC2ARPC5LCAPZA2CAPZB also implicated in regulation of cell cycleRHOBRHOT1 mitochondrial traffickingRHOT2TUBB Tubulin, beta polypeptideWDR1 actin dissassembly?A specialized form of cell signaling
BLOC1S1BLOC1S2NM_173809BLOC1S3NM_212550BLOC1S4NM_018366BLOC1S6NM_012388AP1G1 NM_001128AP1M1 NM_032493AP2A1 NM_014203AP2A2 NM_012305AP2M1AP2S1 NM_004069AP3B1 NM_003664AP3D1 NM_003938AP3M1 NM_012095AP3S1 NM_001284AP3S2 NM_005829AP4B1 NM_006594AP5M1 NM_018229ANXA6 Annexin 6ANXA7 Annexin 7AP1B1 Coated vessiclesCLTA Clathrin A (vessicles)CLTB Clathrin B (vessicles)CLTCMTX2AP2S1CD81GPAA1LGALS9MGAT2MGAT4BVAMP3CTNNA1 NM_001903CTNNB1CTNNBIP1 NM_020248CTNNBL1 NM_030877CTNND1 NM_001085458 delta cateninChannels and transporters
ABCB10 NM_012089ABCB7 NM_004299ABCD3 NM_002857ABCE1 NM_002939ABCF1 NM_001090ABCF2 NM_005692ABCF3 NM_018358CALM1 Calmodulin grasps calcium ionsMFSD11 NM_024311 similar to MSFD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like proteinMFSD12 NM_174983MFSD3 NM_138431MFSD5 NM_032889SLC15A4 NM_145648SLC20A1 NM_005415SLC25A11 mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate carrierSLC25A26 NM_173471SLC25A28 NM_031212SLC25A3 NM_002635SLC25A32 NM_030780SLC25A38 NM_017875SLC25A39 NM_016016SLC25A44 NM_014655SLC25A46 NM_138773SLC25A5 NM_001152SLC27A4 NM_005094SLC30A1 NM_021194SLC30A5 NM_022902SLC30A9 NM_006345SLC35A2 NM_005660SLC35A4 NM_080670SLC35B1 NM_005827SLC35B2 NM_178148SLC35C2 NM_015945SLC35E1 NM_024881SLC35E3 NM_018656SLC35F5 NM_025181SLC38A2 NM_018976SLC39A1 NM_014437SLC39A3 NM_144564SLC39A7 NM_006979SLC41A3 NM_017836SLC46A3 NM_181785SLC48A1 NM_017842ACVR1 NM_001105 similar to ACVRL1 TGF Beta receptor family Rendu-Osler-Weber syndromeACVR1B NM_004302CD23 FCER2 low affinity IgE receptor (lectin)BAT1 aka DDX39B which is involved in RNA splicingBSG Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracelluar metalloproteinaseMIF macrophage migration inhibitory factorTAPBPADRBK1 can downregulate response to epinephrineAGPAT1 acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferaseARF1ARF3ARF4ARF5ARL2 RAS SuperfamilyCSF1 Colony stimulating factor not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12CSK C-src tyrosine kinaseDCT dopachrome tautomeraseEFNA3FKBP1AGDI1 GDP Dissociation inhibitor (Rab family)GNAS1 ubiquitously expressed, but differentially imprintedGNAI2HAX1 associated with tyrosine kinasesILK Integrin linked kinaseMAPKAPK2MAP2K2MAP3K11PITPNM Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteinRAC1 Ro GTPase involved with many signaling pathwaysRAP1B GTPase involved with cell adhesionRAGA Ras-related GTP BindingSTK19STK24 Serine/Threonine KinaseSTK25YWHAB Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta polypeptideYWHAH Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, h polypeptideYWHAQ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta polypeptideYWHAZ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptideAIF1HDGF Hepatoma derived growth factor (translocates to nucleus)HGSLTBP4VEGFBZFP36L1CD40 formerly TNFRSF5CSNK1ECSNK2BALAS1 Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase type 1 (type 2 is erythroid and associated with porphyria)ARHGEF2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factorARMET Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factorAES amino terminal enhancer of splitBECN1 involved in autophagy and partners with PI3KBUD31 formerly Maternal G10 transcriptCreatine kinase CKB (ATP reservoir)Cytidine deaminase questionable: not present in very high levels at allCPNE1ENSA (gene)FTH1 Heavy chain of FerritinGDI2 rab/ras vessicular traffickingGUK1 Guanylate kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to GMPHPRT Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseIFITM1 Induced by interferon, transmembrane proteinJTB (gene) Jumping translocation breakpointMMPL2NME2 (formerly NM23B) Nucleoside diphosphate kinaseNONOP4HBPRDX1 peroxiredoxin (reduces peroxides)PTMA ProthymosinRPA2 Binds DNA during replication to keep it straightened outSULT1A3 Sulfate conjugation (note: SULT1C is cited in earlier literature as being ubiquitous but this may be an example of different tags being used to refer to a common area of 2 closely related genes. If the tag is too short, then it may not be specific enough to truly specify one member of a gene family from another)SYNGR2 Synaptogyrin (may participate in vessicle translocation)Tetratricopeptide, TTC1 small glutamine richtetratricopeptide
C11Orf13C14orf2C21orf33Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testes
SPAG7SRM Spermidine synthaseTEGT Bax-1 inhibitorDAZAP2 Deleted in azoospermiaMEA1 Male enhanced antigen
