Girish Mahajan (Editor)

Outline of immunology

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:

Contents

Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Essence of immunology

  • Branch of Biomedical science
  • Immune system
  • Immunity

    • Branches of immunology

  • Classical immunology
  • Clinical immunology
  • Computational immunology
  • Diagnostic immunology
  • Evolutionary immunology
  • Systems immunology
  • Immunomics
  • Immunoproteomics
  • Immunophysics
  • Immunochemistry
  • Ecoimmunology
  • Immunopathology
  • Nutritional immunology
  • Psychoneuroimmunology
  • Reproductive immunology
  • Circadian immunology
  • Immunotoxicology
  • Palaeoimmunology
  • Tissue-based immunology
  • Testicular immunology - Testes
  • Immunodermatology - Skin
  • Intravascular immunology - Blood
  • Osteoimmunology - Bone
  • Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces
  • Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Respiratory tract
  • Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system
  • Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye
  • Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors

    • History of immunology

  • Timeline of immunology

    • General immunological concepts

  • Immunity:
  • Immunity against:
  • Pathogens
  • Pathogenic bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Parasites
  • Tumors
  • Allergens
  • Self-proteins
  • Autoimmunity
  • Alloimmunity
  • Cross-reactivity
  • Tolerance
  • Central tolerance
  • Peripheral tolerance
  • Clonal anergy
  • Clonal deletion
  • Tolerance in pregnancy
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Antigen
  • Antigenicity
  • Immunogen
  • Superantigen
  • Allergen
  • Hapten
  • Epitope
  • Linear
  • Conformational
  • Mimotope
  • Tumor antigen
  • Antigen-antibody interaction
  • Immunogenetics
  • Affinity maturation
  • Somatic hypermutation
  • Clonal selection
  • V(D)J recombination
  • Artemis complex
  • Recombination-activating gene
  • RAG1
  • RAG2
  • Recombination signal sequences
  • Junctional diversity
  • Immunoglobulin class switching
  • Allelic exclusion
  • Polyclonal response
  • Phagocytosis
  • Opsonin
  • Intrinsic immunity
  • Leukocyte extravasation
  • Cross-presentation
  • Immune repertoire
  • Original antigenic sin
  • Antigen presentation
  • Immunological synapse
  • Co-stimulation

    • Adaptive immune system

  • Humoral immunity
  • Antibodies
  • Kinds of Antibodies
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Polyclonal antibodies
  • Autoantibody
  • Microantibody
  • Neutralizing antibody
  • Classification
  • Allotype
  • Isotype
  • Idiotype
  • Functions
  • Antibody opsonization
  • Neutralisation
  • Regions
  • Paratope
  • Complementarity determining region (CDRs)
  • Hypervariable region
  • Framework region
  • Fab Region
  • Fc Region
  • Polyclonal B cell response
  • Cell-mediated immunity

    • Innate immune system

  • Complement system
  • Classical complement pathway
  • Mannan-binding lectin pathway
  • Alternate complement pathway
  • Complement membrane attack complex
  • Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Defensins
  • Lysozyme
  • Inflammation
  • Inflammatory reflex
  • Inflammasome
  • Granuloma
  • Acute-phase proteins
  • Amyloid

    • Primary Lymphoid Organs

  • Thymus - Site of T Cell maturation
  • Bone Marrow - Site of Haematopoiesis and B Cell maturation

    • Secondary Lymphoid Organs

  • Spleen
  • White Pulp
  • Red Pulp
  • Marginal zone
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
  • Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
  • Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

    • Myeloid Cells

  • Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)
  • Adipose tissue macrophages
  • Kupffer cell - Liver
  • Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
  • Langerhans cell - Skin
  • Dermal macrophage - Dermis
  • Microglia - CNS
  • Perivascular macrophage
  • Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
  • Hofbauer cell - Placenta
  • Osteoclasts - Bone
  • Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
  • Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
  • Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
  • Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
  • Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp
  • Giant cells
  • Foreign-body giant cell
  • Langhans giant cell
  • Touton giant cells
  • Epithelioid cells
  • Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Conventional Dendritic Cells
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

    • Lymphoid Cells

  • B cells
  • Plasma B cells
  • Memory B cells
  • B-1 cells
  • B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
  • Marginal-zone B cells
  • Follicular B cells
  • T cells
  • Naive T cells
  • Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
  • Th1 cells
  • Th2 cells
  • Th3 cells
  • Th17 cells
  • TFH cells - Follicular helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
  • Memory T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
  • Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
  • γδ T cells
  • Mucosal associated invariant T cells
  • Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
  • Group 1 ILC
  • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • Group 2 ILC
  • Nuocyte
  • Group 3 ILC
  • Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)

    • Others

    (Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)
  • Stromal cells
  • Lymph node stromal cells
  • Follicular dendritic cells
  • Epithelial cells
  • Pericytes
  • Microfold cells (M cells)

    • Hematopoiesis

  • Lymphopoiesis
  • Lymphoblast
  • Prolymphocyte
  • T cell development
  • Thymocyte
  • B cell development
  • Pre-pro-B cell
  • Early pro-B cell
  • Late pro-B cell
  • Large pre-B cell
  • Small pre-B cell
  • Immature B cell
  • Myelopoiesis
  • Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM)
  • Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM)
  • Granulopoiesis
  • Myeloblast (CFU-G)
  • Promyelocyte
  • Myelocyte
  • Metamyelocyte
  • Band cell
  • Monocytopoiesis
  • Monoblast (CFU-M)
  • CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor
  • Promonocyte
  • CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
  • CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
  • Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP)
  • Megakaryocytopoiesis
  • CFU-Meg
  • Megakaryoblast
  • Promegakaryocyte
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Thrombopoiesis
  • Thrombocyte (Platelets)
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Proerythroblast
  • Normoblast
  • Reticulocyte
  • CFU-Mast
  • Mast cell precursors

    • Antigen receptors

  • B cells
  • Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR)
  • Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
  • Co-receptors
  • Stimulatory
  • CD21
  • CD19
  • CD81
  • Inhibitory
  • CD22
  • Accessory molecule (CD79)
  • Ig-α (CD79A)
  • Ig-β (CD79B)
  • T cells
  • Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR)
  • Subunits - TRA@ / TRB@ / TRD@ / TRG@
  • Co-receptors
  • CD8 (CD8α / CD8β)
  • CD4
  • Accessory molecules
  • CD3
  • Subunits - one CD3γ / one CD3δ / two CD3ε
  • ζ-chain (CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)

    • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

  • Membrane-bound PRRs
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  • Cytoplasmic PRRs
  • NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
  • NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)
  • CIITA
  • NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)
  • NAIP
  • NLRC (C for CARD domain)
  • Secreted PRRs
  • Complement system (see complement proteins section)
  • Collectins

    • Complement receptors

  • CR1 (CD35)
  • CR2 (CD21)
  • CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
  • CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
  • CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
  • Anaphylatoxin receptors
  • C3a receptor
  • C5a receptor (CD88)
  • C5AR2

    • Fc receptors

  • Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)
  • FcγRI (CD64)
  • FcγRIIA (CD32A)
  • FcγRIIB (CD32B)
  • FcγRIIIA (CD16a)
  • FcγRIIIB (CD16b)
  • FcγRT (Neonatal Fc receptor)
  • Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)
  • FcαRI (CD89, FCAR)
  • Fcα/μR
  • Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)
  • FcεRI - Tetramer: FCER1A / FCER1B / two FCER1G
  • FcεRII (CD23)
  • Secreted Fc receptors
  • Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)
  • Fc receptor-like molecules

    • Cytokine receptors

  • Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits
  • Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)
  • IL2R - Heterotrimer: IL2RA (CD25) / IL2RB (CD122) / γc
  • IL4R / IL13R - Heterodimer: IL4RA / (IL13RA1/IL13RA2)
  • IL7R - Heterodimer: IL7RA (CD127) / γ-chain
  • IL9R - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain
  • IL15R - Heterotrimer: IL15RA / IL2RB / γ-chain
  • IL21R - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain
  • Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131)
  • IL3R - Heterodimer: IL3RA / β-chain
  • IL5R - Heterodimer: IL5RA / β-chain
  • GM-CSFR (CD116) - Heterdimer: GM-CSFRA / β-chain
  • Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130)
  • IL6R - Heterodimer: IL6RA / gp130
  • IL11R - Heterodimer: IL11RA / gp130
  • IL27R - Heterodimer: IL27RA / gp130
  • OSMR - Heterodimer: OSMR / gp130
  • LIFR (CD118) - Heterodimer: LIFR / gp130
  • IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1)
  • IL12R - Heterodimer: IL12RB1 / IL12RB2
  • IL23R - Heterodimer: IL23RA / IL12RB1
  • Others
  • EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer
  • G-CSFR (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
  • MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
  • GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
  • PRLR (Prolactin receptor)
  • Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif
  • Interferon receptors
  • Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
  • Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2
  • Interleukin receptors
  • IL10R - Heterodimer: IL10RA / IL10RB
  • IL20R - Heterodimer: IL20RA / IL20RB
  • IL22R - Heterodimer: IL22RA1 / IL10RB
  • IL28R - Heterodimer: IL28RA / IL10RB
  • Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)
  • CSF1
  • CD117 (c-KIT)
  • IL1 receptor family (IL1R)
  • IL1R type 1 (CD121a)
  • IL1R type 2 (CD121b)
  • IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP)
  • IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)
  • IL18R - Heterodimer: IL18R1 / IL18RAP
  • IL17 family
  • IL17RA
  • IL17RB
  • IL17RC
  • IL17RD
  • IL17RE
  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors
  • Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
  • CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)
  • TGF beta receptors - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors
  • TGFBR1
  • TGFBR2
  • TGFBR3

    • Natural killer cell receptors

  • Killer activation receptors (KARs)
  • Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)
  • Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs)
  • Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail

    • Others

  • Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs)
  • LILR subfamily A
  • Eicosanoid receptors

    • Antibodies

  • Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  • IgA1
  • IgA2
  • Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  • IgG1
  • IgG2
  • IgG3
  • IgG4
  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

    • Cytokines

  • Chemokines
  • CC chemokines
  • CXC chemokines
  • C chemokines
  • XCL1
  • XCL2
  • CX3C chemokines
  • CX3CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin)
  • Interferons
  • Interferon type I
  • IFN-α
  • IFN-β
  • IFN-ω
  • Interferon type II
  • IFN-γ
  • Interleukins
  • Tumor necrosis factors
  • Colony stimulating factors
  • CSF1 (M-CSF)
  • CSF2 (GM-CSF)
  • CSF3 (G-CSF)

    • MHCs

  • MHC class I
  • MHC class II

    • Complement proteins

  • Early stage (divided by pathway)
  • Classical complement pathway
  • C1Q complex - C1R / C1S
  • C4 - C4a
  • C2
  • Mannan-binding lectin pathway
  • MASP1 / MASP2
  • Mannan-binding lectin
  • Alternative complement pathway
  • Factor B
  • Factor D
  • Factor P (Properdin)
  • Middle stage
  • C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b
  • C5 - C5a
  • C3-convertase
  • C5-convertase
  • Late stage
  • Membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • C6
  • C7
  • C8
  • C9
  • Complement pathway inhibitors
  • C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
  • Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
  • Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
  • C4BP - Classical, Lectin
  • Factor H - Alternate

    • Transcription factors

  • NF-κB
  • AP-1
  • Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)
  • NFAT
  • T-bet - TH1 differentiation
  • GATA3 - TH2 differentiation
  • RORγT - TH17 differentiation
  • BCL6 - TFH differentiation
  • FoxP3 - Treg differentiation

    • Signaling pathways

  • JAK-STAT signaling pathway
  • TGF beta signaling pathway
  • TLR signalling pathway

    • Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

  • Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits
  • Alpha subunits
  • Beta subunits
  • Dimers
  • Cytoadhesin receptor
  • Integrin alpha6beta4
  • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3
  • Fibrinogen receptor
  • Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
  • Fibronectin receptor:
  • Integrin alpha2beta1
  • Integrin alpha4beta1
  • Integrin alpha5beta1
  • Leukocyte-adhesion receptor:
  • LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18
  • Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
  • Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
  • Very late antigen receptor:
  • Integrin alpha1beta1
  • Integrin alpha2beta1
  • Integrin alpha3beta1
  • VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29
  • Alpha-5 beta-1
  • Integrin alpha6beta1
  • Vitronectin receptor:
  • Alpha-v beta-3
  • Alpha-v beta-5
  • Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs
  • Cadherins
  • Selectins
  • E-selectin
  • L-selectin
  • P-selectin
  • Others
  • Lymphocyte homing receptors
  • CD34
  • GLYCAM-1
  • Addressin (MAdCAM-1)
  • CD44
  • Carcinoembryonic antigens
  • CD24
  • CD44
  • CD146
  • CD164

    • Others

  • CD69
  • Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors
  • Co-stimulatory molecules
  • CD80 - Expressed by APCs
  • CD86 - Expressed by APCs
  • CD28 family receptors
  • CD28 - Expressed by T Cells
  • CD278 (ICOS) - Homodimer, expressed by T Cells
  • CTLA-4 (CD152)
  • PD-1 (CD279)

    • Hypersensitivity and Allergy

  • Type 1 hypersensitivity / Allergy / Atopy
  • Foreign (Allergen)
  • Atopic eczema
  • Allergic urticaria
  • Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
  • Allergic asthma
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Food allergy
  • Milk allergy
  • Egg allergy
  • Peanut allergy
  • Tree nut allergy
  • Seafood allergy
  • Soy allergy
  • Wheat allergy
  • Garlic allergy
  • Penicillin allergy
  • Type 2 hypersensitivity / Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  • Foreign
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Autoimmune
  • Cytotoxic
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
  • Bullous pemphigoid
  • Pemphigus vulgaris
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Goodpasture's syndrome
  • Type 5 / Receptor mediated
  • Graves' disease
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Type 3 hypersensitivity / Immune complex
  • Foreign
  • Henoch–Schönlein purpura
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis
  • Reactive arthritis
  • Farmer's lung
  • Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  • Serum sickness
  • Arthus reaction
  • Autoimmune
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Subacute bacterial endocarditis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)
  • Foreign
  • Allergic contact dermatitis
  • Mantoux test
  • Autoimmune
  • Diabetes mellitus type 1
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis
  • Guillain–Barré syndrome
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Coeliac disease
  • Giant-cell arteritis
  • GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease)
  • Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
  • Unknown/Multiple types
  • Foreign
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
  • Transplant rejection
  • Latex allergy (I+IV)
  • Autoimmune
  • Sjögren's syndrome
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS1 / APS2)
  • Autoimmune adrenalitis
  • Systemic autoimmune disease

    • Immunodeficiency

  • Primary immunodeficiency
  • Acquired immunodeficiency
  • Complement deficiency

    • Inflammatory diseases

  • Sepsis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • Cytokine storm

    • Immunologic techniques and tests

  • Flow cytometry
  • Mass cytometry
  • Histology
  • Adoptive cell transfer
  • Experiments in immunology
  • Genetically modified mouse
  • Immunofluorescence
  • Immunofixation
  • Immunoadsorption
  • MHC multimer
  • Hybridoma technology
  • Rabbit hybridoma
  • Developmental studies hybridoma bank

    • Immunology and Health

  • Prevention
  • Immunostimulants
  • Immunotherapy
  • Activation immunotherapy
  • Cancer immunotherapy
  • Autologous immune enhancement therapy
  • Immunosuppression
  • Sublingual immunotherapy
  • Allergen immunotherapy
  • Immunosuppressive drug
  • Artificial induction of immunity
  • Immunization
  • Active immunotherapy
  • Passive immunity
  • Temporarily induced immunity
  • Adoptive immunity
  • Vaccination
  • Vaccine-naive
  • Vaccine
  • Herd immunity
  • Adjuvant
  • Organ transplantation
  • Allotransplant
  • Transplant rejection

    • Immunologists

    List of immunologists

    Immunology lists

  • List of autoimmune diseases
  • List of immunologists
  • List of viruses
  • List of human clusters of differentiation
  • List of vaccine ingredients
  • List of allergens
  • List of cytokines
  • List of cytokine receptors
  • List of pattern recognition receptors
  • List of tissue-resident macrophages
  • List of branches of immunology
  • List of acute-phase proteins

    • References

    Outline of immunology Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA


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