1718 – Smallpox inoculation in Ottoman Empire realized by West. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children.
1796 – First demonstration of smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
1837 – Description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann)
1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour)
1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur)
1880 – 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur)
1883 – 1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff)
1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur).
1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von Behring) and (Kitasato Shibasaburō)
1891 – Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (Robert Koch)
1893 – Use of live bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors-"Coley's Toxins" (William B. Coley)
1949 – Growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization with immune sera, and demonstration of attenuation of neurovirulence with repetitive passage (John Enders) and (Thomas Weller) and (Frederick Robbins)
2005 – Development of human papillomavirus vaccine (Ian Frazer)
2006 - Antigen-specific NK cell memory first reported by Ulrich von Andrian's group after discovery by Mahmoud Goodarzi
2010 - The first autologous cell-based cancer vaccine, PROVENGE, is approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic, asymptomatic stage IV prostate cancer. The treatment is marketed at a cost of $93,000 and imparts, on average, only an extra four months of life expectancy. The manufacturer, Dendreon Inc, declares bankruptcy in 2014.
2010 – First immune checkpoint inhibitor, ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4), is approved by the FDA for treatment of stage IV melanoma
2011 – Carl June reports first successful use of CAR T-cells for the treatment of CD19+ malignancies
2014 – A second class of immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) is approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma. Two different drugs, pembrolizumab and nivolumab are approved within months of each other.
2016 – Matthew M. Halpert first characterizes role of dendritic cell CTLA-4 in Th-1 immunity
2016 - A third class of immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab), is approved for the treatment of bladder cancer