Suvarna Garge (Editor)

List of mathematical shapes

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List of mathematical shapes

Following is a list of some mathematically well-defined shapes.

Contents

Algebraic curves

  • Cubic plane curve
  • Quartic plane curve
  • Degree 2

  • Conic sections
  • Unit circle
  • Unit hyperbola
  • Degree 5

  • Quintic of l'Hospital [1]
  • Degree 6

  • Astroid
  • Atriphtaloid
  • Nephroid
  • Quadrifolium
  • Families of variable degree

  • Epicycloid
  • Epispiral
  • Epitrochoid
  • Hypocycloid
  • Lissajous curve
  • Poinsot's spirals
  • Rational normal curve
  • Rose curve
  • Curves of genus one

  • Bicuspid curve
  • Cassini oval
  • Cassinoide
  • Cubic curve
  • Elliptic curve
  • Watt's curve
  • Curves with genus greater than one

  • Butterfly curve
  • Elkies trinomial curves
  • Hyperelliptic curve
  • Klein quartic
  • Classical modular curve
  • Bolza surface
  • Macbeath surface
  • Curve families with variable genus

  • Polynomial lemniscate
  • Fermat curve
  • Sinusoidal spiral
  • Superellipse
  • Hurwitz surface
  • Transcendental curves

  • Bowditch curve
  • Brachistochrone
  • Butterfly curve
  • Catenary
  • Clélies
  • Cochleoid
  • Cycloid
  • Horopter
  • Interscendental curve: A curve defined using irrational exponents, such as y=x√2. See Salmon (1879, p. 206)
  • Isochrone
  • Isochrone of Huygens (Tautochrone)
  • Isochrone of Leibniz[2]
  • Isochrone of Varignon[3]
  • Lamé curve
  • Pursuit curve
  • Rhumb line
  • Spirals
  • Archimedean spiral
  • Cornu spiral
  • Cotes' spiral
  • Fermat's spiral
  • Galileo's spiral [4]
  • Hyperbolic spiral
  • Lituus
  • Logarithmic spiral
  • Nielsen's spiral
  • Syntractrix
  • Tractrix
  • Trochoid
  • Piecewise constructions

  • Bézier curve
  • Splines
  • B-spline
  • Nonuniform rational B-spline
  • Ogee
  • Loess curve
  • Lowess
  • Polygonal curve
  • Maurer rose
  • Reuleaux triangle
  • Bézier triangle
  • Space curves

  • Conchospiral
  • Helix
  • Tendril perversion (a transition between back-to-back helices)
  • Hemihelix, a quasi-helical shape characterized by multiple tendril perversions
  • Seiffert's spiral [5]
  • Slinky spiral [6]
  • Twisted cubic
  • Viviani's curve
  • Surfaces in 3-space

  • Plane
  • Quadric surfaces
  • Cone
  • Cylinder
  • Ellipsoid
  • Spheroid
  • Sphere
  • Hyperboloid
  • Paraboloid
  • Möbius strip
  • Torus
  • Minimal surfaces

  • Catalan's minimal surface
  • Costa's minimal surface
  • Catenoid
  • Enneper surface
  • Gyroid
  • Helicoid
  • Lidinoid
  • Riemann's minimal surface
  • Saddle tower
  • Scherk surface
  • Schwarz minimal surface
  • Triply periodic minimal surface
  • Non-orientable surfaces

  • Klein bottle
  • Real projective plane
  • Cross-cap
  • Roman surface
  • Boy's surface
  • Quadrics

  • Sphere
  • Spheroid
  • Oblate spheroid
  • Cone
  • Ellipsoid
  • Hyperboloid of one sheet
  • Hyperboloid of two sheets
  • Hyperbolic paraboloid (a ruled surface)
  • Paraboloid
  • Sphericon
  • Oloid
  • Pseudospherical surfaces

  • Dini's surface
  • Pseudosphere
  • Algebraic surfaces

    See the list of algebraic surfaces.

  • Cayley cubic
  • Barth sextic
  • Clebsch cubic
  • Monkey saddle (saddle-like surface for 3 legs.)
  • Torus
  • Dupin cyclide (inversion of a torus)
  • Whitney umbrella
  • Miscellaneous surfaces

  • Right conoid (a ruled surface)
  • Random fractals

  • von Koch curve with random interval
  • von Koch curve with random orientation
  • Boundary of Brownian motion
  • 2D polymer
  • Percolation front in 2D, Corrosion front in 2D
  • diffusion-limited aggregation
  • Random walk with no self-intersection
  • 3D polymer
  • 2D percolation cluster hull
  • 2D percolation cluster
  • Brownian motion
  • Lichtenberg figure
  • Brownian motion
  • Percolation theory
  • Multiplicative cascade
  • Regular Polytopes

    This table shows a summary of regular polytope counts by dimension.

    There are no nonconvex Euclidean regular tessellations in any number of dimensions.

    Polytope elements

    The elements of a polytope can be considered according to either their own dimensionality or how many dimensions "down" they are from the body.

  • Vertex, a 0-dimensional element
  • Edge, a 1-dimensional element
  • Face, a 2-dimensional element
  • Cell, a 3-dimensional element
  • Hypercell or Teron, a 4-dimensional element
  • Facet, an (n-1)-dimensional element
  • Ridge, an (n-2)-dimensional element
  • Peak, an (n-3)-dimensional element
  • For example, in a polyhedron (3-dimensional polytope), a face is a facet, an edge is a ridge, and a vertex is a peak.

  • Vertex figure: not itself an element of a polytope, but a diagram showing how the elements meet.
  • Tessellations

    The classical convex polytopes may be considered tessellations, or tilings, of spherical space. Tessellations of euclidean and hyperbolic space may also be considered regular polytopes. Note that an 'n'-dimensional polytope actually tessellates a space of one dimension less. For example, the (three-dimensional) platonic solids tessellate the 'two'-dimensional 'surface' of the sphere.

    Zero dimension

  • Point
  • One-dimensional regular polytope

    There is only one polytope in 1 dimension, whose boundaries are the two endpoints of a line segment, represented by the empty Schläfli symbol {}.

    Two-dimensional regular polytopes

  • Polygon
  • Equilateral
  • Cyclic polygon
  • Convex polygon
  • Star polygon
  • Pentagram
  • Convex

  • Regular polygon
  • Equilateral triangle
  • Simplex
  • Square
  • Cross-polytope
  • Hypercube
  • Pentagon
  • Hexagon
  • Heptagon
  • Octagon
  • Enneagon
  • Decagon
  • Hendecagon
  • Dodecagon
  • Tridecagon
  • Tetradecagon
  • Pentadecagon
  • Hexadecagon
  • Heptadecagon
  • Octadecagon
  • Enneadecagon
  • Icosagon
  • Hectogon
  • Chiliagon
  • Regular polygon
  • Degenerate (spherical)
  • Henagon
  • Digon
  • Non-convex

  • star polygon
  • Pentagram
  • Heptagram
  • Octagram
  • Enneagram
  • Decagram
  • Tessellation

  • Apeirogon
  • Three-dimensional regular polytopes

  • polyhedron
  • Convex

  • Platonic solid
  • Tetrahedron, the 3-space Simplex
  • Cube, the 3-space hypercube
  • Octahedron, the 3-space Cross-polytope
  • Dodecahedron
  • Icosahedron
  • Degenerate (spherical)

  • hosohedron
  • dihedron
  • Henagon#In spherical geometry
  • Non-convex

  • Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra
  • Small stellated dodecahedron
  • Great dodecahedron
  • Great stellated dodecahedron
  • Great icosahedron
  • Tessellations

    Euclidean tilings
  • Square tiling
  • Triangular tiling
  • Hexagonal tiling
  • Apeirogon
  • Dihedron
  • Hyperbolic tilings
  • Lobachevski plane
  • Hyperbolic tiling
  • Hyperbolic star-tilings
  • Order-7 heptagrammic tiling
  • Heptagrammic-order heptagonal tiling
  • Order-9 enneagrammic tiling
  • Enneagrammic-order enneagonal tiling
  • Four-dimensional regular polytopes

  • convex regular 4-polytope
  • 5-cell, the 4-space Simplex
  • 8-cell, the 4-space Hypercube
  • 16-cell, the 4-space Cross-polytope
  • 24-cell
  • 120-cell
  • 600-cell
  • Degenerate (spherical)

  • Ditope
  • Hosotope
  • 3-sphere
  • Non-convex

  • Star or (Schläfli–Hess) regular 4-polytope
  • Icosahedral 120-cell
  • Small stellated 120-cell
  • Great 120-cell
  • Grand 120-cell
  • Great stellated 120-cell
  • Grand stellated 120-cell
  • Great grand 120-cell
  • Great icosahedral 120-cell
  • Grand 600-cell
  • Great grand stellated 120-cell
  • Tessellations of Euclidean 3-space

  • Honeycomb
  • Cubic honeycomb
  • Degenerate tessellations of Euclidean 3-space

  • Hosohedron
  • Dihedron
  • Order-2 apeirogonal tiling
  • Apeirogonal hosohedron
  • Order-4 square hosohedral honeycomb
  • Order-6 triangular hosohedral honeycomb
  • Hexagonal hosohedral honeycomb
  • Order-2 square tiling
  • Order-2 triangular tiling
  • Order-2 hexagonal tiling
  • Tessellations of hyperbolic 3-space

  • Order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Order-5 dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Order-5 cubic honeycomb
  • Icosahedral honeycomb
  • Order-3 icosahedral honeycomb
  • Order-4 octahedral honeycomb
  • Triangular tiling honeycomb
  • Square tiling honeycomb
  • Order-4 square tiling honeycomb
  • Order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb
  • Order-6 cubic honeycomb
  • Order-6 dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Hexagonal tiling honeycomb
  • Order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb
  • Order-5 hexagonal tiling honeycomb
  • Order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb
  • Five-dimensional regular polytopes and higher

  • 5-polytope
  • Honeycomb
  • Tetracomb
  • Tessellations of Euclidean 4-space

  • honeycombs
  • Tesseractic honeycomb
  • 16-cell honeycomb
  • 24-cell honeycomb
  • Tessellations of Euclidean 5-space and higher

  • Hypercubic honeycomb
  • Hypercube
  • Square tiling
  • Cubic honeycomb
  • Tesseractic honeycomb
  • 5-cube honeycomb
  • 6-cube honeycomb
  • 7-cube honeycomb
  • 8-cube honeycomb
  • Hypercubic honeycomb
  • Tessellations of hyperbolic 4-space

  • honeycombs
  • Order-5 5-cell honeycomb
  • 120-cell honeycomb
  • Order-5 tesseractic honeycomb
  • Order-4 120-cell honeycomb
  • Order-5 120-cell honeycomb
  • Order-4 24-cell honeycomb
  • Cubic honeycomb honeycomb
  • Small stellated 120-cell honeycomb
  • Pentagrammic-order 600-cell honeycomb
  • Order-5 icosahedral 120-cell honeycomb
  • Great 120-cell honeycomb
  • Tessellations of hyperbolic 5-space

  • 5-orthoplex honeycomb
  • 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb
  • 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb
  • Order-4 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb
  • Tesseractic honeycomb honeycomb
  • Apeirotopes

  • Apeirotope
  • Apeirogon
  • Apeirohedron
  • Regular skew polyhedron
  • Abstract polytopes

  • Abstract polytope
  • 11-cell
  • 57-cell
  • 2D with 1D surface

  • Convex polygon
  • Concave polygon
  • Constructible polygon
  • Cyclic polygon
  • Equiangular polygon
  • Equilateral polygon
  • Regular polygon
  • Penrose tile
  • Polyform
  • Balbis
  • Gnomon
  • Golygon
  • Star without crossing lines
  • Star polygon
  • Hexagram
  • Star of David
  • Heptagram
  • Octagram
  • Star of Lakshmi
  • decagram
  • Pentagram
  • Polygons named for their number of sides

    Tilings

  • List of uniform tilings
  • Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
  • Archimedean tiling
  • Square tiling
  • Triangular tiling
  • Hexagonal tiling
  • Truncated square tiling
  • Snub square tiling
  • Trihexagonal tiling
  • Truncated hexagonal tiling
  • Rhombitrihexagonal tiling
  • Truncated trihexagonal tiling
  • Snub hexagonal tiling
  • Elongated triangular tiling
  • Uniform polyhedra

  • Regular polyhedron
  • Platonic solid
  • Tetrahedron
  • Cube
  • Octahedron
  • Dodecahedron
  • Icosahedron
  • Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron (regular star polyhedra)
  • Great icosahedron
  • Small stellated dodecahedron
  • Great dodecahedron
  • Great stellated dodecahedron
  • Abstract regular polyhedra (Projective polyhedron)
  • Hemicube
  • Hemi-octahedron
  • Hemi-dodecahedron
  • Hemi-icosahedron
  • Archimedean solid
  • Truncated tetrahedron
  • Cuboctahedron
  • Truncated cube
  • Truncated octahedron
  • Rhombicuboctahedron
  • Truncated cuboctahedron
  • Snub cube
  • Icosidodecahedron
  • Truncated dodecahedron
  • Truncated icosahedron
  • Rhombicosidodecahedron
  • Truncated icosidodecahedron
  • Snub dodecahedron
  • Prismatic uniform polyhedron
  • Prism
  • Antiprism
  • Uniform star polyhedron
  • Duals of uniform polyhedra

  • Catalan solid
  • Triakis tetrahedron
  • Rhombic dodecahedron
  • Triakis octahedron
  • Tetrakis hexahedron
  • Deltoidal icositetrahedron
  • Disdyakis dodecahedron
  • Pentagonal icositetrahedron
  • Rhombic triacontahedron
  • Triakis icosahedron
  • Pentakis dodecahedron
  • Deltoidal hexecontahedron
  • Disdyakis triacontahedron
  • Pentagonal hexecontahedron
  • non-convex
  • Other nonuniform polyhedra

  • Pyramid
  • Bipyramid
  • Disphenoid
  • Parallelepiped
  • Cuboid
  • Rhombohedron
  • Trapezohedron
  • Frustum
  • Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron
  • Rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron
  • Truncated trapezohedron
  • Deltahedron
  • Zonohedron
  • Prismatoid
  • Cupola
  • Bicupola
  • Spherical polyhedra

  • Dihedron
  • Hosohedron
  • Honeycombs

    Convex uniform honeycomb
    Dual uniform honeycomb
  • Disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb
  • Rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Others
  • Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Weaire–Phelan structure
  • Convex uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
  • Order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Order-5 cubic honeycomb
  • Order-5 dodecahedral honeycomb
  • Icosahedral honeycomb
  • Regular and uniform compound polyhedra

    Polyhedral compound and Uniform polyhedron compound
  • 4-polytope
  • Hecatonicosachoron
  • Hexacosichoron
  • Hexadecachoron
  • Icositetrachoron
  • Pentachoron
  • Tesseract
  • Spherical cone
  • Convex regular 4-polytope
  • 5-cell, Tesseract, 16-cell, 24-cell, 120-cell, 600-cell
  • Abstract regular polytope
  • 11-cell, 57-cell
  • Schläfli–Hess 4-polytope (Regular star 4-polytope)
  • Icosahedral 120-cell, Small stellated 120-cell, Great 120-cell, Grand 120-cell, Great stellated 120-cell, Grand stellated 120-cell, Great grand 120-cell, Great icosahedral 120-cell, Grand 600-cell, Great grand stellated 120-cell
  • Uniform 4-polytope
  • Rectified 5-cell, Truncated 5-cell, Cantellated 5-cell, Runcinated 5-cell
  • Rectified tesseract, Truncated tesseract, Cantellated tesseract, Runcinated tesseract
  • Rectified 16-cell, Truncated 16-cell
  • Rectified 24-cell, Truncated 24-cell, Cantellated 24-cell, Runcinated 24-cell, Snub 24-cell
  • Rectified 120-cell, Truncated 120-cell, Cantellated 120-cell, Runcinated 120-cell
  • Rectified 600-cell, Truncated 600-cell, Cantellated 600-cell
  • Prismatic uniform polychoron
  • Grand antiprism
  • Duoprism
  • Tetrahedral prism, Truncated tetrahedral prism
  • Truncated cubic prism, Truncated octahedral prism, Cuboctahedral prism, Rhombicuboctahedral prism, Truncated cuboctahedral prism, Snub cubic prism
  • Truncated dodecahedral prism, Truncated icosahedral prism, Icosidodecahedral prism, Rhombicosidodecahedral prism, Truncated icosidodecahedral prism, Snub dodecahedral prism
  • Uniform antiprismatic prism
  • Honeycombs

  • Tesseractic honeycomb
  • 24-cell honeycomb
  • Snub 24-cell honeycomb
  • Rectified 24-cell honeycomb
  • Truncated 24-cell honeycomb
  • 16-cell honeycomb
  • 5-cell honeycomb
  • Omnitruncated 5-cell honeycomb
  • Truncated 5-cell honeycomb
  • Omnitruncated 5-simplex honeycomb
  • 5D with 4D surfaces

  • regular 5-polytope
  • 5-dimensional cross-polytope
  • 5-dimensional hypercube
  • 5-dimensional simplex
  • Five-dimensional space, 5-polytope and uniform 5-polytope
  • 5-simplex, Rectified 5-simplex, Truncated 5-simplex, Cantellated 5-simplex, Runcinated 5-simplex, Stericated 5-simplex
  • 5-demicube, Truncated 5-demicube, Cantellated 5-demicube, Runcinated 5-demicube
  • 5-cube, Rectified 5-cube, 5-cube, Truncated 5-cube, Cantellated 5-cube, Runcinated 5-cube, Stericated 5-cube
  • 5-orthoplex, Rectified 5-orthoplex, Truncated 5-orthoplex, Cantellated 5-orthoplex, Runcinated 5-orthoplex
  • Prismatic uniform 5-polytope
    For each polytope of dimension n, there is a prism of dimension n+1.

    Honeycombs

  • 5-cubic honeycomb
  • 5-simplex honeycomb
  • Truncated 5-simplex honeycomb
  • 5-demicubic honeycomb
  • Six dimensions

    Six-dimensional space, 6-polytope and uniform 6-polytope
  • 6-simplex, Rectified 6-simplex, Truncated 6-simplex, Cantellated 6-simplex, Runcinated 6-simplex, Stericated 6-simplex, Pentellated 6-simplex
  • 6-demicube, Truncated 6-demicube, Cantellated 6-demicube, Runcinated 6-demicube, Stericated 6-demicube
  • 6-cube, Rectified 6-cube, 6-cube, Truncated 6-cube, Cantellated 6-cube, Runcinated 6-cube, Stericated 6-cube, Pentellated 6-cube
  • 6-orthoplex, Rectified 6-orthoplex, Truncated 6-orthoplex, Cantellated 6-orthoplex, Runcinated 6-orthoplex, Stericated 6-orthoplex
  • 122 polytope, 221 polytope
  • Honeycombs

  • 6-cubic honeycomb
  • 6-simplex honeycomb
  • 6-demicubic honeycomb
  • 222 honeycomb
  • Seven dimensions

    Seven-dimensional space, uniform 7-polytope
  • 7-simplex, Rectified 7-simplex, Truncated 7-simplex, Cantellated 7-simplex, Runcinated 7-simplex, Stericated 7-simplex, Pentellated 7-simplex, Hexicated 7-simplex
  • 7-demicube, Truncated 7-demicube, Cantellated 7-demicube, Runcinated 7-demicube, Stericated 7-demicube, Pentellated 7-demicube
  • 7-cube, Rectified 7-cube, 7-cube, Truncated 7-cube, Cantellated 7-cube, Runcinated 7-cube, Stericated 7-cube, Pentellated 7-cube, Hexicated 7-cube
  • 7-orthoplex, Rectified 7-orthoplex, Truncated 7-orthoplex, Cantellated 7-orthoplex, Runcinated 7-orthoplex, Stericated 7-orthoplex, Pentellated 7-orthoplex
  • 132 polytope, 231 polytope, 321 polytope
  • Honeycombs

  • 7-cubic honeycomb
  • 7-demicubic honeycomb
  • 331 honeycomb, 133 honeycomb
  • Eight dimension

    Eight-dimensional space, uniform 8-polytope
  • 8-simplex, Rectified 8-simplex, Truncated 8-simplex, Cantellated 8-simplex, Runcinated 8-simplex, Stericated 8-simplex, Pentellated 8-simplex, Hexicated 8-simplex, Heptellated 8-simplex
  • 8-orthoplex, Rectified 8-orthoplex, Truncated 8-orthoplex, Cantellated 8-orthoplex, Runcinated 8-orthoplex, Stericated 8-orthoplex, Pentellated 8-orthoplex, Hexicated 8-orthoplex,
  • 8-cube, Rectified 8-cube, Truncated 8-cube, Cantellated 8-cube, Runcinated 8-cube, Stericated 8-cube, Pentellated 8-cube, Hexicated 8-cube, Heptellated 8-cube
  • 8-demicube, Truncated 8-demicube, Cantellated 8-demicube, Runcinated 8-demicube, Stericated 8-demicube, Pentellated 8-demicube, Hexicated 8-demicube
  • 142 polytope, 241 polytope, 421 polytope, Truncated 421 polytope, Truncated 241 polytope, Truncated 142 polytope, Cantellated 421 polytope, Cantellated 241 polytope, Runcinated 421 polytope
  • Honeycombs

  • 8-cubic honeycomb
  • 8-demicubic honeycomb
  • 521 honeycomb, 251 honeycomb, 152 honeycomb
  • Nine dimensions

    9-polytope
  • 9-cube
  • 9-demicube
  • 9-orthoplex
  • 9-simplex
  • Hyperbolic honeycombs

  • E9 honeycomb
  • Ten dimensions

    10-polytope
  • 10-cube
  • 10-demicube
  • 10-orthoplex
  • 10-simplex
  • Dimensional families

    Regular polytope and List of regular polytopes
  • Simplex
  • Hypercube
  • Cross-polytope
  • Uniform polytope
  • Demihypercube
  • Uniform 1k2 polytope
  • Uniform 2k1 polytope
  • Uniform k21 polytope
  • Honeycombs
  • Hypercubic honeycomb
  • Alternated hypercubic honeycomb
  • References

    List of mathematical shapes Wikipedia