January 1914

January 1, 1914 (Thursday)

British governor Sir Frederick Lugard successfully completed amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria to form one country. The newly united colony and protectorate were to be presided over by a proconsul, who was entitled the Governor-General of Nigeria. Although formally the country's name was derived from the Niger River, some accounts attribute the name of the country to Flora, Lady Lugard, wife of the governor, in a letter she wrote to the The Times on 8 January 1897. Lady Lugard suggested the name Nigeria as a shortened alternative to the Royal Niger Company's Territories, in reference to the mercantile company chartered by the British government to operate in that region.

Battle of Ojinaga - About 6,000 of Pancho Villa's soldiers under command of Gen. Toribio Ortega Ramírez attacked 4,000 federal troop occupying Ojinaga, a town on the Mexican-U.S. border. Ramírez's men forced federal troops out of outlying outposts into the adobe buildings of the town, but were stalled by artillery bombardment.

The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line in the United States started services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with winged aircraft, with Anthony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a Benoist XIV flying boat. Abram C. Pheil, former mayor of St. Petersburg, was the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witnessed the first departure.

The Naval Wing of the Royal Flying Corps was given the responsibility for the operation of all British military airships. The Royal Navy retained control of all British airships until December 1919.

Horatio Clarence Hocken was reelected mayor of Toronto, defeating Fred McBrien with over 21,000 votes to the challenger's 16,000. The city also elected to city council Louis Singer, the first representative of Toronto's large Jewish community.

Kornelis ter Laan, member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, was appointed mayor of Zaandam, becoming the first politician from the Social Democratic Workers' Party to hold a municipal leadership position. He would remain mayor until 1937.

French artist Charles Ginner introduced the concept of neorealism in a manifesto published in the art magazine New Age.

The first edition of Cuvânt moldovenesc was published in Bessarabia, Austria-Hungary, and lasted until 1919. The paper was revived in 1943.

The 1914 Five Nations Championship - an international rugby tournament - commenced with England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales in competition. Originally started out as the Home Nations Championships involving only the countries in the British Isles, the name was changed to reflect the inclusion of France. Ten matches were spread out over weeks with the final played in April.

The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The tour reached Australia and played a New Years Day game in Brisbane, with the New York Giants beating White Sox 2-1.

Born: Noor Inayat Khan, World War II SOE agent and heroine, in Moscow (d. 1944, executed in Dachau); Richard T. James, American engineer, inventor of the spring toy Slinky, in Philadelphia (d. 1974); Adwaita Mallabarman, Bengali writer, author of the novel Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titas), in the Brahmanbaria District, Bengal, British India (d. 1951); L. S. N. Prasad, Indian pediatrician, professor of pediatrics at Patna Medical College and Hospital, in Bihar Sharif, India (d. 2009)

Died: Alice Brady, Irish labour activist, youth leader in the 1913 Dublin Lockout, died from a gunshot wound (b. 1898)

January 2, 1914 (Friday)

Battle of Ojinaga - An estimated 1,000 casualties were reported as the battle moved into its second day, with Pancho Villa troops under the command of Gen. Toribio Ortega Ramírez slowly gaining ground against defending federal troops in Ojinaga, Mexico in spite of constant artillery bombardment. Many federal troops deserted and crossed the Mexican-U.S. border into Presidio, Texas where the United States Army assisted the Red Cross in setting up a mobile hospital to treat wounded while at the same time disarming and turning away hundreds of others.

British aviator Trehawke Davies became the first woman to experience an aerobatic loop as a passenger in a Hamel's Morane-Saulnier monoplane piloted by fellow countryman Gustav Hamel.

Born: Violet Stuart Mann British writer for best-selling romantic single novels and series, in Berkshire, England (d. 1986); Karl-Heinz Keitel, Sturmbannführer (Major) in the Waffen-SS during World War II, in Wolfenbüttel, Germany (d. 1946); Angus G. Wynne, American businessman, developer of the Six Flags theme parks, in Kaufman County, Texas (d. 1979); Rachel Saint, American missionary, known for her missionary work with the Huaorani people in Ecuador, in Wyncote, Pennsylvania (d. 1994)

Died: Raoul Pugno, French composer, best known for his piano interpretations of Mozart (b. 1852)

January 3, 1914 (Saturday)

Battle of Ojinaga - An estimated 2,000 wounded or deserting Mexican federal troops crossed the Mexican-U.S. into Presidio, Texas as Pancho Villa revolutionary troops pounded federal defenses in the town of Ojinaga, Mexico.

The returned Mona Lisa only received 60 visits at the Louvre in Paris. The painting had been missing for about two-and-half years before Vincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee who had stolen the painting, attempted to sell it to museum officials in Florence.

Caffè San Marco officially opened for business in Trieste, Italy, becoming a famous rendezvous for many artists and intellectuals including James Joyce, Umberto Saba and Italo Svevo. The café would be destroyed in World War One and rebuilt.

The musical Nuts and Wine - with lyrics by C. H. Bovill and P. G. Wodehouse and music by Frank E. Tours - premiered at the Empire Theatre in London.

The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The New York Giants and the White Sox entertained crowds in Sydney, Australia with a exhibition game of baseball, with the Sox beating the Giants 5-4.

Born: Archduchess Adelheid of Austria, member of Austrian Imperial family, at Schloss Hetzendorf, Austria-Hungary (d. 1971); Ernst Bauer, German U-boat of U-boats U-120 and U-126 in World War Two, in Fürth, Germany (d. 1988)

Died: John Willms, American Catholic priest, missionary for Pennsylvania, rector of the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost (now Duquesne University) and director of the Association of the Holy Childhood (b. 1849)

January 4, 1914 (Sunday)

The tanker Oklahoma exploded and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 50 nautical miles (93 km) southeast of Sandy Hook, New Jersey with the loss of 32 of her 40 crew. Survivors were rescued by the Bavaria of Germany and the Salvo of Spain.

Battle of Ojinaga - Pancho Villa relieved Gen. Toribio Ortega Ramírez of command after the officer ordered his men to withdraw after four days of fruitless attacks against federal troops barricaded in the town of Ojinaga. An additional 1,000 revolutionary soldiers were brought up from Chihuahua, Chihuahua to strengthen the current attacking force.

Thomas Winsmore, a three-masted schooner ran aground on a shoal during a storm in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North Carolina. Her crew were rescued by USRC Seminole and the ship was towed back to shore.

Canadian schooner Ionia sank during a storm off Sable Island - located 109 miles (175 km) southeast of Nova Scotia - with all seven crew reported lost.

Born: Herman Franks, American catcher for the New York Giants when the MLB team won the 1954 World Series, in Price, Utah (d. 2009); Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist who specialized in ancient Greece, in Provins, France (d. 2007)

Died: Silas Weir Mitchell, American physician who discovered causalgia (b. 1829); John E. Reyburn, U.S. Representative of Pennsylvania from 1890 to 1897 (b. 1845); Mark Melford, British stage actor and playwright, pioneer of British farce (b. 1850)

January 5, 1914 (Monday)

Saverne Affair - Military trials commenced in Strasbourg, Germany for Colonel Adolf von Reuter, commanding officer of the Prussian Infantry Regiment 99 in Saverne, Alsace (now in France), and Second Lieutenant Schadt, both charged of unlawfully appropriating authority from the civilian police during and after a public protest on November 28, 1913.

Ford Motor Company announced an eight-hour workday and a daily wage of $5. The new workplace policy increased the auto manufacturer's productivity, and a significant increase in profit margin (from $30 million to $60 million in two years).

The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The New York Giants and the White Sox played their second baseball exhibition game in Sydney, Australia with the Sox slaying the Giants 10-5.

Born: George Reeves, American actor, best known for the title role in the 1950s TV series Adventures of Superman (d. 1959, official death by suicide); Nicolas de Staël, Russian-born French painter best known for his abstract landscape painting, in Saint Petersburg (d. 1955); Germán Gómez, Spanish footballer (soccer player) for Racing Santander and Atlético Madrid in Santander, Spain (d. 2004)

Born: George Bates, Australian footballer in the Victorian Football League (d. 1983); Tony DeSantis, American businessman, founder of the Drury Lane theatres, in Gary, Indiana (d. 2007); Rudolf Schnackenburg, German Catholic priest and biblical scholar, leading biblical interpreter of the Gospel of John, in Katowice, Prussia (d. 2002); James C. Logan, American lawyer, president of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity when 44 new chapters were installed (d. 1997)

Died: François Cellier, English conductor and composer, music director and conductor of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (b. 1849); Michel Ephrussi, Russian-French banker and horse breeder, bred several award-winning Thoroughbreds (b. 1844)

January 6, 1914 (Tuesday)

Charles E. Merrill opened his brokerage firm Charles E. Merrill & Co. for business at 7 Wall Street in New York City. His firm joined with Edmund C. Lynch a year later to become Merrill Lynch & Company.

Battle of Ojinaga - In a surreal turn in Pancho Villa's bloody campaign to take Ojinaga, the Mexican revolutionary signed a motion picture deal with Harry Aitken, who opened the Reliance-Majestic Studio with D.W. Griffith in Hollywood, California later that year. Aitken had sent a film crew of 10 to the Ojinaga battle site to shoot footage of the fighting from the revolutionary army's viewpoint. Aitken was quoted in the press with having second thoughts about the contract between his production company and Villa: "How would you feel to be a partner with a man engaged in killing people, and do you suspect the fact that moving picture machines are in range to immortalize an act of daring or of cruel brutality will have any effect on the warfare itself?"

Born: Danny Thomas, American comedian best known for the 1950s TV sitcom The Danny Thomas Show, in Deerfield, Michigan (d. 1991); David Bruce, American film actor known for roles in The Mad Ghoul and Lady on a Train, in Kankakee, Illinois (d. 1976)

Born: Federico Caffè, Italian economist, leading thinker on economic policy and welfare, in Pescara, Italy (disappeared in 1998); Godfrey Edward Arnold, Austrian-American medical researcher in speech pathology in Olomouc, Austria-Hungary (d. 1989); Kenneth Pitzer, American chemist, known for his Pitzer equations in describing the behavior of molecule ions in water, in Pomona, California (d. 1997)

Died: Willem Essuman Pietersen, Dutch Gold Coast politician and educator, president of the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society (b. 1844); Charles Tudor Williams, American businessman and educator, brother to Edward Porter Williams, (co-founder of the Sherwin-Williams Company) (b. 1839)

January 7, 1914 (Wednesday)

The Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, completed its transit though newly completed Panama Canal on a test run, becoming the first actual vessel to do so. The SS Ancon would be the first ship to officially transit the canal on August 15, 1914.

Some 200 Ottoman Empire soldiers were arrested on board a steamer the port city of Avlona, Albania by the country's provisional government. The Empire had intended to land troops in the port and proclaim Gen. Ahmed Izzet Pasha "King of Albania." Martial law was declared in the country immediately after the arrests.

Battle of Ojinaga - Pancho Villa delayed an attack on federal troops barricaded in the town of Ojinaga, Mexico until a four-man film crew from New York City was able to cross the Mexican-U.S. border and reach the rebel army's line. Villa had signed a contract with Harry Aitken and Frank M. Thayer of the Mutual Film Company to have the battle filmed. Footage of the battle was edited into staged scenes to give the film more of a narrative and released as the The Life of General Villa, produced by D.W. Griffith and directed by Raoul Walsh who also appeared in the film. The film is now presumably lost.

The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The tour moved on to Melbourne, Australia where the New York Giants attempted to even out the series wins on the continent with a 12-8 victory over the White Sox in front of a crowd of 10,000.

The Uruguayan football association club Rampla Juniors was formed near Montevideo.

Born: Cresson Kearny, American military specialist, author of the civil defense manual Nuclear War Survival Skills (d. 2003)

Died: Joseph Dubuc, Canadian politician and federal judge, member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1870 to 1878, member of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba from 1879 to 1909 (b. 1840); George M. Thomas, U.S. Representative of Kentucky from 1887 to 1889, served as Solicitor of Internal Revenue from 1897 to 1901 (b. 1828); Patrick Weston Joyce, Irish historian, author of The Origin and History of Irish Names of Places (1869) (b. 1827)

January 8, 1914 (Thursday)

South African workers with The Amalgamated Society of Railway and Harbour Servants began to strike in the Transvaal and Orange Free State over the October 1913 decision of the Railway Administration to retrench labor.

The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - The Melbourne stop closed the Australian leg of the tour with the New York Giants clinching a 4-3 win over the White Sox in 11 innings.

Born: Norman Nicholson, British poet, best known for works about the life and language of his hometown of Millom, England (d. 1987); Lucien Bodard, French reporter and writer covering events in Asia including the rise of the communist China, in Chongqing, China (d. 1998); Hermann Pilnik, German-born Argentine chess Grandmaster, in Stuttgart, Germany (d. 1981); Hans Kolbow, German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Hamburg (d. 1941, killed in action)

Died: Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier and politician, Confederate Army officer and 30th Governor of Kentucky (b. 1823); Charles E. Hooker, U.S. Representative of Mississippi from 1875 to 1903 (b. 1825); Winslow Upton, American astronomer, director of the Ladd Observatory (b. 1853)

January 9, 1914 (Friday)

The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity was founded by African American students at Howard University in Washington, D.C.

Born: Kenny Clarke, American jazz musician, major innovator for the bebop style of drumming, in Pittsburgh (d. 1985); Derek Allhusen, British Olympic equestrian, gold and silver medalist at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico, in London (d. 2000); Ted Berkman, American journalist and screenwriter, best known for Bedtime for Bonzo starring Ronald Reagan, in New York City (d. 2006)

January 10, 1914 (Saturday)

Battle of Ojinaga - Pancho Villa led a force of 7,000 troops and captured Ojinaga, forcing more than half of the 4,000 defending federal troops to retreat over the Mexican-U.S. border. The victory effectively gave Villa control of nearly all of northern Mexico and cemented his reputation as a great military leader.

Yuan Shikai, Provisional President for the Republic of China, formally dissolved Parliament after defeating political opponents Kuomintang through months of political and military maneuvers. Yuan began steps to replace the republic's provisional constitution with his own and within months proclaimed himself as China's new emperor.

Saverne Affair - A military court in Strasbourg, Germany acquitted commanding officer Colonel Adolf von Reuter and Second Lieutenant Schadt for illegally appropriating the civilian police during and after a public protest on November 28, 1913 in Saverne, Alsace.

Canadian Arctic Expedition – After drifting in ice for several months in the Beaufort Sea, the polar expedition crew of the ship Karluk were wakened to "a severe shudder [that] shook the whole ship," according to expedition member William Laird McKinlay. It was evident ice was attacking the hull, and at 6:45 AM a loud bang was heard, indicating the hull has been punctured. Captain Robert Bartlett observed a gash 10 feet (3.0 m) in the ship's engine room. With the pumps unable to handle the inflow of water, Bartlett ordered the crew to abandon ship.

Rent strike organizers for 300 tenants living in the Burley area of Leeds called for a city-wide protest against a 6d increase in rents imposed by the Leeds branch of the Property Owners Association. The strike lasted eight weeks.

A by-election for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Adelaide was held, triggered by the death of Labor Party MP Ernest Roberts. Labour Party candidate Edwin Yates won the seat, taking over 10,072 thousand votes (84 per cent) over Single Tax League opponent Edward Craigie at 1,857 (15 per cent).

Archaeologists T. E. Lawrence and Leonard Woolley were recruited to undertake an archaeological survey of the Negev in Palestine.

John G. Morrison and his son Arling were killed in their Salt Lake City grocery store by two armed intruders masked in red bandannas. Later that evening, labor activist Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known as Joe Hill, met a local doctor to be treated for a bullet wound in the left lung. Hill claimed he had been shot following an argument with a woman but refused to name her. The doctor later reported to police that Hill was also armed with a pistol. Police investigators searched Hill's residence and found a red bandanna but the pistol purported to be in Hill's possession was never found. Hill denied involvement in the robbery and the killing of Morrison. Hill did not know Morrison, and at his trial, defense lawyers pointed out four other people were treated for bullet wounds that same night, and the entry and size of the bullet wound aligned with Hill's testimony of the circumstances when he was shot.

Norwegian speed skater Oscar Mathisen set the first of five world records throughout the month of January, starting with a finish of 43.7 seconds in the 500 m in Oslo.

Born: Polly Rowles, American actress, known for film and TV roles such as The Defenders, in Philadelphia (d. 2001); Yu Kuo-hwa, Premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan from 1984 to 1989, in Fenghua, China (d. 2000); Pierre Cogan, French cyclist, winner of the 1936 Grand-Prix de Plouay Ouest-France, in Auray, France (d. 2013); John Petts, English-born Welsh engraver and stained glass artist, in London (d. 1991); Torsten Bengtson; Swedish politician, member of the Parliament of Sweden from 1950 to 1982 (d. 1998)

Died: Saint Leonie Aviat, Roman Catholic nun who co-founded the congregation of the Oblate Sisters of St. Francis de Sales (b. 1844); Robert Oskar Julius von Görschen, German lawyer, held key business executive positions for Aachen's top two companies (b. 1829)

January 11, 1914 (Sunday)

The Sakurajima volcano in Japan began to erupt after being dormant for over a century, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on January 12. The lava flow caused the island which it formed to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.

The People's Party of Montenegro ousted the governing True People's Party in parliamentary elections in Montenegro.

Canadian Arctic Expedition – The expedition's flagship - the Karluk - sank. The crew had worked throughout yesterday when the hull break was discovered and overnight in pitch darkness and driving snow to add rations and equipment to stockpiles already left out on the ice for emergency. At 3:15 PM, Captain Robert Bartlett played Chopin's Funeral March on the ship's Victrola before stepping off the Karluk. The ship sank within minutes. Stranded on the ice were 22 men, one woman, two children, 16 dogs and a cat. The team immediately assembled a "Shipwreck Camp" as they prepared for a march to Wrangel Island, the nearest piece of land, in February when daylight hours were longer.

The Jagadbandhu Institution — an all-boys academy — was established by Jagadbandhu Roy in Kolkata, India. The school was renowned for producing famous Indian leaders, scholars, artists and scientists including English scholar Chinmoy Guha, art critic Samik Bandyopadhyay, and historian Tapan Raychaudhuri.

Norway's Oscar Mathisen achieved the second of five world records in speed skating for January, skating 2:19.4 minutes in the 1,500 m in Oslo.

The Italian association football club A.S.D. Reggio Calabria was founded in Reggio Calabria, Italy as Unione Sportiva Reggio Calabria, undercoming many name changes over the decades until its present title in 1986.

Born: Dorothy Jeakins, American film costume designer, co-winner with Barbara Karinska for the first Oscar in Costume Design for Joan of Arc in 1948, in San Diego (d. 1995); Bernice Gordon, American crossword puzzle constructor for the New York Times (d. 2015); Robert Ayres, British rugby player, played as Prop for the Barrow Raiders rugby club from 1933 to 1945, in Barrow-in-Furness, England (d. 1993)

Born: Joseph L. Fisher, American politician, U.S. Representative from Virginia from 1975 to 1981 and a founder of Resources for the Future, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (d. 1992); Dora del Hoyo, Spanish laity, first women member of Opus Dei, in León, Spain (d. 2004); Sherman P. Lloyd, American politician, U.S. Representative from Utah from 1963 to 1973, in St. Anthony, Idaho (d. 1979); Beverly Briley, American politician, first mayor of the Nashville and Davidson County metropolitan government from 1963 to 1974, in West Nashville, Tennessee (d. 1980)

Died: Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and patron of the arts, son of J.C. Jacobsen, the founder of the Carlsberg brewery (b. 1842)

January 12, 1914 (Monday)

An earthquake measuring 6.7 in magnitude - caused by the erupting Sakurajima volcano - killed 29 people and destroyed 120 homes in the Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan.

Born: Albrecht von Goertz, German car designer for the BMW 503 and BMW 507, in Brunkensen, Germany (d. 2006); Edward Gurney, United States Senator from Florida from 1969 till 1974, in Portland, Maine (d. 1996); Roy Jack, New Zealand cabinet minister and Speaker of the House of Representatives, in New Plymouth, New Zealand (d. 1977)

Born: D. C. Kizhakemuri, Indian publisher and writer, founder of DC Books, in Kanjirappally, India (d. 1999); Emilio Bajada, Italian mathematician, lead researcher on calculus of variations (d. 1984); Gordon Zubrod. American medical researcher, played a prominent role in introducing chemotherapy to cancer treatment (d. 1999)

Died: Anton Dorph, Danish painter, famous for his altarpieces and depictions of fishing life in Denmark (b. 1831)

January 13, 1914 (Tuesday)

Born: Ted Willis, British television dramatist and author, listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the most prolific writer, in Tottenham, England (d. 1992); John Rennie, 6th Director of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1968 to 1973, in Marylebone, Westminster, England (d. 1981); Hansgeorg Bätcher, German Oberstleutnant bomber pilot in the Luftwaffe during World War II and recipient Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Finsterwalde, Germany (d. 2003)

Died: Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer and professor of the Madrid Royal Conservatory (b. 1837); John Philip Bourke, Australian poet, author of the poet collection Off the Bluebush (b. 1860); Alfred Lichtwark, German art curator and historian, director of the Kunsthalle Hamburg (b. 1852); Edward Charles Spitzka, American neurologist, pioneered studies of the anatomy of the human nervous system (b. 1852)

January 14, 1914 (Wednesday)

The Ford Motor Company reached a milestone of building a Ford Model T in 93 minutes using the assembly process.

Karen Blixen, author of Out of Africa, arrived in Kenya and was married the same day to her second cousin Bror Flixen-Finecke, receiving the title of baroness.

The Bridge of Sighs over New College Lane at Hertford College at Oxford was opened to the public. The crossing was designed by Thomas Graham Jackson, the architect of many of Oxford's turn of the century structures including the Oxford Military College campus.

Born: Harold Russell, Canadian-American World War Two veteran and actor, winner of the Oscar for Best Actor in Best Years of Our Lives, in North Sydney, Nova Scotia (d. 2002); Dudley Randall, American poet and publisher, founder of Broadside Press in 1965, in Detroit, Michigan (d. 2000); Vince Alascia, American comic book artist, famous for his work on Captain America during the Golden Age of Comic Books (d. 1998)

Born: Mordechai Zar, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset for Mapai and its successors between 1959 and 1974, in Mashhad, Persia (d. 1982); Magda Fedor, Hungarian sharp shooter, three-time medalist at the ISSF World Shooting Championships, in Vasalja, Austria-Hungary (still alive in 2014); Yasuhira Kiyohara, Japanese officer for the Imperial Army, one of the officers involved in coup d'état on February 26, 1936, in Uki, Kumamoto, Japan (d. 2001)

Born: Gaetano Alibrandi, Italian senior papal diplomat, Personal Secretary to Giovanni Battista Cardinal Montini (later Pope Paul VI, in Province of Catania, Sicily (d. 2003); Owen A. Allred, leader of Mormon fundamentalist Apostolic United Brethren, in Blackfoot, Idaho (d. 2005); Emmy Andriesse, Dutch photographer and resistance fighter, part of the Underground Camera group, in The Hague (d. 1953); Álvaro Cardoso, Portuguese association football player, played central defender for Sporting Clube de Portugal from 1938 to 1948, in Setúbal, Portugal (d. 2004)

January 15, 1914 (Thursday)

Swift Current, Saskatchewan was incorporated as a city.

The first meeting of the Indian Science Congress was held at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, with Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presiding over 105 scientists from India and abroad in attendance.”

The Montclair Art Museum opened in Montclair, New Jersey, becoming the first museum in the state that granted access to the public and the first dedicated solely to art.

Born: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian, Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, in Glanton, England (d. 2003); James Flanagan, only Irish Roman Catholic Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, in Derry, Ireland (d. 1999); Leo Van Paemel, Belgium artist, renowned Bruges artist, in Blankenberge, Belgium (d. 1995); Stefan Bałuk, Polish soldier, member of the Cichociemni paratroopers, in Warsaw (d. 2014)

Died: Louis Wagner, American military officer, 9th Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (b. 1838); Hermann, Freiherr von Soden, American-German Biblical scholar, advocate for a more Presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces (killed in a railway accident) (b. 1852)

January 16, 1914 (Friday)

Ion I. C. Brătianu became Prime Minister of Romania, replacing Titu Maiorescu.

Mahatma Gandhi and Jan Smuts, South Africa's Minister of the Interior, met after a month-long impasse and reached a deal on tax relief for the country's Indian community and a repeal of a state court ruling not to recognize polygamous marriage. The success of reaching a deal after months of civil strife between the Indian community and the South African establishment earned Gandhi the title Mahatma, Sanskrit for "high-souled" or "venerable."

The Royal Navy A7A-class submarine sank in Whitesand Bay, Cornwall with the loss of all 11 crew.

The Altay S.K. (Altay Spor Kulübü) association football (soccer) club was established in İzmir, located in the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey). The club has held a record 15 titles in the Izmir Football League and continues playing at İzmir Alsancak Stadium.

Born: Roger Wagner, French-born American choral musician, leader of renowned Roger Wagner Chorale, in Le Puy, France (d. 1992); Buddy Moss, American blues musician, credits as one of leading guitarists in East Coast blues, in Jewell, Georgia (d. 1984); Bertil Boo, Swedish folk singer, known as the "singing farmer" in Åsa-Nisse films produced in the 1950s, in Askersund, Sweden (d. 1996); Kay Hughes, American actress, starred mainly in westerns such as The Vigilantes Are Coming and film serials including Dick Tracy, in Los Angeles (d. 1998)

Born: Claude Simons, Jr., American football, baseball and basketball coach for Tulane University, Louisiana from 1938 to 1949, in New Orleans (d. 1975); Arturo Basile, Italian conductor, performed with Maria Callas and other renowned opera singers, in Syracuse, Sicily (d. 1968, killed in a car accident)

Died: Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral of the Japanese Imperial Navy during the Meiji period (b. 1843); George Albertus Cox, Canadian businessman and senator, developed Canada's modern financial industry and member of the Canadian Senate from 1886 to 1914 (b. 1840); Richard Pennefather, Irish-Australian politician, 9th Attorney-General of Western Australia (b. 1851)

January 17, 1914 (Saturday)

The SMS Szent István battleship for the Austro-Hungarian Navy was launched from the Ganz & Company's Danubius Yard in Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia). The launching was plagued with problems from the start, with neither the Emperor of Austria Franz Joseph nor Archduke Franz Ferdinand being able to attend. During the launching itself, a starboard anchor had to be dropped to prevent the ship from hitting another ship carrying spectators, but the anchor chain had not been shackled and it struck two dockworkers, killing one and crushing the arm of the other.

The 13th annual Detroit Auto Show was held on the first three floors of the Ford branch building on Woodward and Boulevard, Detroit.

Joseph Hammond became the first person to fly over Auckland city. He flew a Blériot monoplane (named Brittania) which had been donated to the New Zealand Government by the Imperial Air Fleet Committee, from Potter's Park (near One Tree Hill).

Eimskip, the oldest shipping company in Iceland, was formed.

Speed skater Oscar Mathisen of Norway achieved two world records in one day in Davos, Switzerland. He beat his own world record of 43.7 seconds in the 500 m set earlier in the month with 43.4, and skated to a new world record of 8:36.6 minutes in the 5,000 m. He would eventually complete the month with five world records in total.

Born: Théo Lefèvre, 39th Prime Minister of Belgium from 1961 to 1965 (d. 1973); Anacleto Angelini, Italian-born Chilean businessman, chairman of the AntarChile, one of the largest conglomerates in South America, in Ferrara, Italy (d. 2007); William Stafford, American poet and pacifist, 12th United States Poet Laureate, in Hutchinson, Kansas (d. 1993)

Born: Joe Payne, British association football player, scored a record 10 goals for Luton Town against Bristol Rovers in 1936 which remains unbroken in The Football League, in Brimington, England (d. 1975); Luis de la Fuente, Mexican association football player, Primera División de México champion in 1945 and 1949, in Veracruz, Mexico (d. 1972)

Born: Kurt Freund, Czech-Canadian physician and sexologist best known for developing phallometry, in Chrudim, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) (d.1996); Kurt Franz, SS officer of the Treblinka extermination camp, in Düsseldorf, Germany (d. 1998); Edward J. Lofgren, American nuclear physicist, director of the Bevatron particle accelerator, in Chicago (d. 2016); Paul Royle, Australian Royal Air Force pilot during World War Two, escapee from the Stalag Luft III POW camp, in Perth, Australia (d. 2015)

Died: John Fox, U.S. Representative of New York from 1867 to 1871 (b 1835); William Henry Hines, U.S. Representative of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1895 (b. 1856); Fernand Foureau, French explorer and colonial leader, Governor of Martinique from 1908 to 1913 (b. 1850)

January 18, 1914 (Sunday)

Emiliano Zapata, leader of the Liberation Army of the South signed a treaty with Julián Blanco, the rebel chief in Guerrero, Mexico to unite against the federal army of president Victoriano Huerta.

The Dublin Lock-out ended after four months of dispute between 20 0000 workers and 300 employers in Ireland's capital city. Most workers returned to their jobs, signing pledges not to unionize.

Norwegian athlete Oscar Mathisen became the world's best speed skater of 1914, capping an incredible world-breaking month with his fifth world record in Davos, Switzerland. He broke his own record of 2:19.4 minutes in the 1,500 m with 2:17.4 minutes.

The Prince's Ice Hockey Club of Great Britain won the 1914 Les Avants Ice Hockey Tournament held in Les Avants, Switzerland.

A party held in honor of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his stud farm in West Sussex brought together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning.

American industrialist F. Lewis Clark disappeared while on a business trip to Santa Barbara, California. Speculation of his disappearance included possible suicide "by jumping from a pier" in Santa Barbara, as his hat was found in the water nearby.

Born: Arno Schmidt, German writer, author of Zettel's Dream, in Hamburg (d. 1979); Vitomil Zupan, Slovene writer, author of A Minuet for Guitar, in Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia) (d. 1987); Patrick Lindsay, Irish cabinet minister and member of Fine Gael TD, in Dublin (d. 1993)

January 19, 1914 (Monday)

The University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri established a School of Commerce, which was renamed the Robert J. Trulaske, Sr. College of Business in 2007.

British Home Championship – Ireland defeated Wales 2-1 at Racecourse Ground, Wrexham, Wales, in what became an outright championship win for Ireland after years being the underdogs in the association football competition. It was the last series played before the onset of the First World War.

Born: Bob Gerard, British racing driver, competed in eight Formula One Grands Prix championships, in Leicester, England (d. 1990)

Died: Georges Picquart, French general and politician, exposed the truth in the Dreyfus Affair (b. 1854); Candelaria Figueredo, Cuban patriot, fought for Cuba independence from Spain (b. 1852)

January 20, 1914 (Tuesday)

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, also known as the SOLAS Convention, was adopted as an international maritime safety treaty. The treaty was in part drafted and adopted in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. Elements of the convention included prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures for commercial ships.

Born: Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia, last male member of the Romanov family of Imperial Russia, in Saint Petersburg (d. 1973); Maurice John Dingman, American priest, served as Bishop for Roman Catholic Diocese of Des Moines from 1968 to 1986 (d. 1992); Willie Turnesa, American golfer, two time U.S. Amateur champion and British Amateur champion, in Elmsford, New York (d. 2001); Douglas Watt, American theater critic, covered Broadway for Daily News for six decades, in New York City (d. 2009)

Died: Emil Liebling, German-American composer, served as visiting director of piano at the Frances Shimer Academy (now Shimer College), in Pless, Germany (now Pszczyna, Poland) (b. 1851); Charles Henry Parmelee, Canadian news publisher and politician, editor for the Montreal Herald and member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1896 to 1904 (b. 1855); Pat Lyons, Canadian-American baseball player, second baseman for the Cleveland Spiders (b. 1860)

January 21, 1914 (Wednesday)

The Daily Telegraph reported that Karl Richter, a German employee with the Siemens Tokyo office, had been arrested in Germany for stealing documents indicating that Siemens had previously paid a bribe of 1,000 pounds sterling to the Japanese navy. Richter sold the incriminating documents to the Reuters news agency, along with a telegram from Siemens head office asking the Japanese navy for clarification on a deal offered by Vickers, a British firm, offering more competitive naval contracts over Siemens (which held a virtual monopoly in Japan). Richter was sentenced to two years in prison but his actions led to military intelligence investigations that uncovered many Japanese naval officers had received extensive bribes from various foreign companies.

Canadian Arctic Expedition – A trail-breaking party of four, led by Karluk's first officer Alexander Anderson, left Shipwreck Camp with instructions from Captain Robert Bartlett to establish a camp on the north shore of Wrangel Island.

The Jerusalem Church in Copenhagen was destroyed in a fire.

Born: Francisco de Assis Barbosa, Brazilian writer, member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, in Guaratinguetá, Brazil (d. 1991); Anton Lembede, South African activist, founder of the African National Congress Youth League, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (d. 1947)

Died: Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, Scottish-Canadian governor and philanthropist, often referred to as Lord Strathcona (b. 1820); John Morgan Walden, American clergy, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church from 1884 to 1911 (b. 1831)

Died: Theodor Kittelsen, Norwegian painter famous of his nature and paintings based on fairy tales and legends, particularly trolls, in Kragerø, Norway (b. 1857); Edwin Ginn, American publisher and philanthropist, founder of the International School of Peace (b. 1838); Joseph Keiley, American pioneer photographer, one of the founding members of the Photo-Secession (b. 1869)

January 22, 1914 (Thursday)

Ismail Qemali resigned as Prime Minister of Albania, the first to hold such an office created to head the Provisional Government of Albania. Fejzi Alizoti succeeded him as interim prime minister under the auspices of the International Commission of Control, in accordance to the Treaty of London.

Twelve remaining defendants in the Barisal Conspiracy Case pleaded guilty to conspiracy to wage war against the British Crown in a Calcutta court. Originally, 44 Bengalis had been charged for plans to incite rebellion against the Raj. Five received sentences between 10 and 12 years, and the remaining five to seven years.

The Prince's Ice Hockey Club of Great Britain continued their streak from Switzerland, winning the Cup Chamonix ice hockey tournament in Chamonix, France.

The play The Exchange by French dramatist Paul Claudel premiered at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris.

Born: Dimitris Dragatakis, Greek composer whose works incorporated tradition Greek and ancient Greece music, in Platanoussa, Greece (d. 2001); Jacques Nguyễn Văn Mầu, Vietnamese bishop to the Roman Catholic Church, in Bà Rịa, Vietnam (d. 2013); Sisowath Sirik Matak, member of the Cambodian royal family, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia (d. 1975, likely executed by the Khmer Rouge)

Born: Ronald James McLean, New Zealand farmer and aviator turned environmental activist, in Wyndham, New Zealand (d. 1980); Lester Asheim, American library science scholar, author of the 1953 article "Not Censorship, But Selection" in Spokane, Washington (d. 1997); Allen Edward Barrow, American judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma from 1962 to 1979, in Okemah, Oklahoma (d. 1979); Sam Bartram, English footballer and manager, goalkeeper for the Charlton Athletic F.C. from 1934 to 1956, in South Shields, England (d. 1981)

Died: Frederik Rung, Danish composer, son of Henrik Rung, and conductor of the Madrigal Choir of the Caeciliaforening (St Cecilia Society) of Copenhagen (b. 1854); Mikhail Botkin, Russian artist, part of the famous Botkin family which included writer Vasily Botkin and physician Sergey Botkin (b. 1839); Charles K. Hamilton, American aviator, survived over 60 crashes (b. 1881)

January 23, 1914 (Friday)

British shipping companies J. P. Corry & Company, Wm. Milburn & Company, Thos. B. Royden & Company and Tyser & Company amalgamated to become the Commonwealth and Dominion Line. The shipping line would be bought out by American-based Cunard Line but retained its operating independence, re-branding itself as Port Line Limited in 1937.

The Church of England established the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich and the Diocese of Sheffield in England.

The 1913-1914 World Baseball Tour - In the only stopover in Asia outside of China and Japan, British tea magnate Sir Thomas Lipton hosted the touring New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox team in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The two teams also played five innings for a crowd of 5,000, with the Sox beating the Giants 4-1.

Born: Louis, Prince Napoléon, pretender to the Imperial Throne of France of the Bonaparte dynasty from 1926 to his death , in Brussels (d. 1997); Sir Thomas Barlow, 3rd Baronet, British naval officer, commanded several Royal Navy submarines during World War Two (d. 2003); Alex Tremulis, American auto designer, designed the 1948 Tucker Sedan, in Chicago (d. 1991)

Died: George W. Johnson, American singer and pioneer African-American recording artist (b. 1850)

January 24, 1914 (Saturday)

Danish boxer Waldemar Holberg defeated Ray Bronson over 20 rounds in Melbourne, Australia and claimed the vacant World Welterweight Championship, only to lose the title 23 days later to Ireland's Tom McCormick after a sixth round foul, also at Melbourne.

The opera Madeleine by American composer Victor Herbert premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Herbert's second opera was not as well received as his operettas and musicals and dropped out of sight after six runs.

Born: Thomas Andrew Donnellan, American priest, 9th bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensberg, New York from 1964 to 1968, and the second Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta, Georgia from 1968 to 1987, in New York City (d. 1987); Heinz Bretnütz, German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Mannheim, Germany (d. 1941, died from wounds); Edith Hahn Beer, Austrian-Jewish Holocaust survivor, hid her faith while married to a Nazi officer during World War Two, in Vienna (d. 2009)

Died: Sir David Gill, Scottish astronomer who patented astronomical distance and astro-photography (b. 1843); Daniel O'Connor, Irish-Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1877 to 1904 (b. 1844)

January 25, 1914 (Sunday)

The U.S. Navy put the USS Montana on alert as unrest grew in Haiti. Towns north of the capital Port-au-Prince took up arms against the administration under president Michel Oreste.

The Engelbrekt Church in Stockholm was completed. It remains one of the largest churches in the Swedish capital.

1914 World Figure Skating Championships — Hungarian figure skater Opika von Méray Horváth won gold in the women's competition, while skaters Ludowika and Walter Jakobsson of Finland won gold in the pairs competition.

Born: Albrecht Achilles, German U-boat commander U-161 in World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (d. 1943, killed in action); William Strickland, American conductor, noted for his performance interpretations of American composers such as Samuel Barber and Robert Ward, in Defiance, Ohio (d. 1991)

January 26, 1914 (Monday)

The Alter Motor Car Company of Plymouth, Michigan was formed to construct an auto manufacturing plant. The company would produce 1,000 Alter car models before going into receivership two years later.

Belgian literary Nobel prize winner Maurice Maeterlinck's criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church, including his vocal opposition to Catholic Party anti-union stance in Belgium during a nation-wide labor dispute, motivated the Vatican to issue a decree to place his opera omnia on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list for literary work banned by the Church.

The Man Upstairs, a collection of short stories by P. G. Wodehouse, were published in the United Kingdom by Methuen & Co., London.

Percy Jones became the first Welsh boxer to hold a world title, winning triple crown in British, European and World featherweight titles, against title holder Bill Ladbury. Jones outpointed Ladbury in a 20-round onslaught to win by decision.

Born: Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar, daughter of Abdülmecid II, last Sunni Caliph of Islam of the Ottoman Empire, in Istanbul (d. 2006); Kaye Webb, British journalist and publisher, most known as editor of Puffin Books (d. 1996); Walter Stuempfig, American painter, prolific modern artist with over 1,500 original works, in Germantown, Pennsylvania (d. 1970)

Born: Willy Simke, German Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant) in the Waffen SS and receipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, in Belgern, Germany (d. 1964); Charles Wallace Adair, American diplomat, Ambassador to Panama from 1965 to 1969, and Uruguay from 1969 to 1972 (d. 2006)

Died: Jane Burden, English artists' model closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelites (b. 1839); Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, Argentinian priest and philanthropist, declared a saint in 2013 (b. 1840); Lyman R. Casey, U.S. Senator for North Dakota from 1889 to 1893 (b. 1837); Alexander Raff, Scottish-Australian politician, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1884 to 1910 (b. 1820); Joseph M. Patterson, American politician, member of the Illinois Senate from 1872 to 1874 (b. 1837)

January 27, 1914 (Tuesday)

Haiti president Michel Oreste abdicated and fled the country while USS Montana landed 150 Marines in Port-au-Prince to retain order. The reformist leader was pushed out by forces loyal to the landowning elite in the country.

Born: Anna Larina, revolutionary and wife to Bolshevik leader Nikolai Bukharin, author of This I Cannot Forget, in Imperial Russia (d. 1996); Smokey Hogg, American country blues musician, author of blues hits including "Good Morning, School Girl", in Westconnie, Texas (d. 1960)

Died: Daniel Woodley Prowse, Canadian author and politician, author of A History of Newfoundland (b. 1834)

January 28, 1914 (Wednesday)

Beverly Hills, California was incorporated as a city.

Canadian suffragist Nellie McClung staged a mock play with fellow suffragists at the Walker Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The play ridiculed Manitoba Premier R.P. Roblin's opposition to women receiving the vote. The women acted as Members of Parliament, with McClung playing the role of Premier, and held a mock debate about whether to give men the vote. The play was a success and helped advance the cause of women's suffrage. In January 1916, Manitoba became the first Canadian province to give women the right to vote.

The USS Potomac, a tugboat commissioned by the United States Navy, left Newport, Rhode Island to assist in rescue of fishing vessels stranded in ice off the coast of Newfoundland.

The first Millrose Games was held in Madison Square Gardens in New York City, making it the longest running sports events ever held in the city's venue.

Died: Shelby Moore Cullom, United States Senator from Illinois from 1883 till 1913 (b. 1829); John J. McLaughlin, Canadian pharmacist, founder of Canada Dry ginger ale (b. 1865)

January 29, 1914 (Thursday)

An estimated 1,300 civilians were massacred by "bandit" soldiers under Bai Lang - known in media as the "White Wolf" - during the looting of Liuanchow in the Nganhwei Province, China.

The British passenger ship Euripides, renamed later as the MS Akaroa, was launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson directly wired cordial birthday wishes to Kaiser Wilhelm II, the first time the United States and Germany exchange messages using direct wireless communication.

Pancho Villa formally confirmed he would not seek the presidency of Mexico should the revolution be successful, stating he continued to put his support behind Gen. Venustiano Carranza should the revolutionary leader ever run for president: "As proof of my loyalty and as evidence that I have no ambition to become president, I would leave the country if he ordered me to do so."

Yone Noguchi lectured on "The Japanese Hokku Poetry" at Magdalen College, Oxford at the invitation of poet laureate, Robert Bridges.

Born: Raymond Burnett, American football player and coach, halfback for Arkansas Tech University from 1933 to 1935, and the Chicago Cardinals in 1938, in New Hope, Arkansas (d. 1996); Robert N. Buck, American pilot, set a junior transcontinental air speed record in 1930, in Elizabeth, New Jersey (d. 2007)

Died: Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford, British politician, served as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1887 to 1892 (b. 1825)

January 30, 1914 (Friday)

The ocean liner Monroe collided with Nantucket at 2 AM in the Atlantic Ocean 50 nautical miles (93 km) off the Delaware Capes, Virginia and sank with the loss of 41 of the 140 people on board. Survivors were rescued by Nantucket.

An "explosion of fire-damp" in a colliery killed 22 miners and injured another 17 in Dortmund, Germany.

Pancho Villa announced his army would be adopting more "civilized warfare," especially in relation to treating prisoners of war, after procuring a United States Army manual titled "The Ethics of International Warfare." The announcement was part of dialogue with New Mexico governor William C. McDonald who visited Villa in Chihuahua, Mexico in the aftermath of the border battle at Ojinaga.

Russian chess master Alexander Alekhine won his first major Russian tournament, when he tied for first place with Aron Nimzowitsch in the 8th All-Russian Masters Tournament at Saint Petersburg. Afterward, they drew in a mini-match for first prize (they both won a game).

The German operetta Endlich allein by composer Franz Lehár premiered at the Theater an der Wien.

Born: John Ireland, Canadian actor best known of role of Cherry Valance in the Howard Hawks western Red River, in Vancouver (d. 1992); David Wayne, American actor known for film roles in Adam's Rib and How to Marry a Millionaire, in Traverse City, Michigan (d. 1995); Louis Osman, British artist, designer of the crown for Charles, Prince of Wales, in Exeter, England (d. 1996);

Born: Elizabeth McCord, American painter, part of the hard-edge movement of the 1950s, in Dayton, Ohio (d. 2008); Hugh Joseph Addonizio, American politician, U.S. Representative of New Jersey from 1949 to 1962, and 33rd Mayor of Newark (d. 1981)

Died: Paul Déroulède, French author and politician, author of patriotic poems such as Vive la France (b. 1846)

January 31, 1914 (Saturday)

Nearly 10,000 federal troops were dispatched to defend Torreón, Mexico from Pancho Villa's advancing army.

The Art Gallery of Hamilton was founded in Hamilton, Ontario.

The first issue of Direct Action was published in Sydney, Australia.

Born: Daya Mata, President of the Self-Realization Fellowship, in Salt Lake City (d. 2010); Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer, 1947 world heavyweight champion, in Pennsauken, New Jersey (d. 1994); Carey Loftin, American actor and stuntman, played the unseen truck driver in Steven Spielberg's Duel, in Blountstown, Florida (d. 1997); Mel Mazzera, American baseball player, played with the St. Louis Browns and one season with the Philadelphia Phillies in Stockton, California (d. 1997)

Born: Sam Houston Johnson, American civil servant, younger brother to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, in Johnson City, Texas (d. 1978); Varnava Nastić, Serbian-American bishop for the Eastern Orthodox Church in Serbia, in Gary, Indiana (d. 1964, imprisoned and tortured for political criticism in Yugoslavia, canonized in 2005); Candido Amantini, Italian Catholic priest, performed exorcisms at the Scala Sancta in Rome, in Bagnolo, Santa Fiora, Italy (d. 1992); Luc-Marie Bayle, French military officer and artist, designed the crystal sword used for Jacques Cousteau's official Académie française reception in 1989, in Dunkirk, France (d. 2000)

Died: James A. Beaver, American politician, 20th Governor of Pennsylvania (b. 1837); John Eglit, American Navy sailor, recipient of the Medal of Honor for service in the Spanish–American War (lost at sea) (b. 1874)