Black conservatism in the United States is a political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the American conservative movement. Since the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68), the black community has generally fallen to the left of the right-wing conservative movement, and has predominantly favored itself on the side of liberalism and civil rights progressives. Black conservatism, in contrast, emphasizes traditionalism, strong patriotism, capitalism, free markets, and sometimes strong social conservatism.
One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism. In the tradition of African American politics and intellectual life, black conservatives tend to side with Booker T. Washington as contrasted with W. E. B. Du Bois. For many black conservatives, the key mission is to bring repair and success to the Black community by applying the following fundamental principles:
The pursuit of educational and professional excellence as a means of advancement within the society;
Policies that promote safety and security in the community beyond the typical casting of a criminal as a "victim" of societal racism;
Local economic development through free enterprise rather than looking to the federal government for assistance;
Empowerment of the individual via self-improvement (virtue), conscience, and supernatural grace.
Black conservatives may find common ground with Black Nationalists through their common belief in black empowerment and the theory that black people have been duped by the Welfare state.
On the other hand, some of the policies advocated by Black conservatives are in conflict with some of the key points in the common social, economic, and political positions that a high percentage of African-Americans favor. For example, black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action, which is supported by the vast majority of African American communities. They tend to argue that efforts to obtain reparations for slavery are either misguided or counter-productive. Moreover, black conservatives – especially black Republicans – are often accused of being Uncle Toms. Ebony in their May 2001 "100+ Most Influential Black Americans" issue, did not include a number of influential African Americans such as Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Walter Williams and, most notably, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. The Economist described the exclusion of Justice Thomas from the list as spiteful. Black conservatives favor integration of African Americans into mainstream America and, consequently, disagree with black nationalism and separatism. Black conservatives are more inclined to support economic policies promoting globalization, free trade and tax cuts.
According to a 2004 study, 13.7% of blacks identified as "Conservative" or "Extremely Conservative" with another 14.4% identifying as slightly conservative. However the same study indicated less than ten percent identified as Republican or Republican leaning in any fashion. Likewise, a recent Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of blacks identify as Religious Right. In 2004 the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of blacks identify as Republican.
From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican as the Republican Party, particularly in the Southern United States, was seen as more racially liberal than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats). Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal particularly benefited economically disadvantaged minority communities and helped forge the New Deal coalition which dominated American politics for the next 30 years, and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy. This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to racist Southern white voters. This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.
Another case study of differences between Black conservatives and Black Republicans is an emphasis on personal empowerment versus theological perspectives. Black Republicans like Colin Powell hold to the social ideas articulated by the early Radical Republicans like Frederick Douglass while at the same time supporting the self-empowerment message of Booker T. Washington. Many social conservatives who are black and Republican hold to a biblically based empowerment although they also appreciate Booker's emphasis on personal accomplishment. Conservatives like the Texas minister T. D. Jakes are evangelical African Americans who support policies more in common but not totally in line with many white Evangelicals.
The African-American church has traditionally been an important element of social and political movements in the Black community. These generally have been identified with persons of the Left or liberalism, like Jesse Jackson, but this is not always true. On issues concerning homosexuality, Black Protestants are more socially conservative than other groups, excepting White Evangelicals. Their view on the issue of homosexual teachers changed less than any other segment based on religion or race.
This is a timeline of significant events in African American history which have shaped the conservative movement in the United States.
1860s
1868 – John Willis Menard (LA) elected to US Congress
Francis Lewis Cardozo is elected Secretary of State of South Carolina
Antoine Dubuclet is elected State Treasurer of Louisiana
Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs is elected Secretary of State of Florida
Oscar Dunn is elected Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
1870s
1870 – Hiram Rhodes Revels (MS) appointed to US Senate
Joseph Rainey (SC) elected to US Congress
Alonzo J. Ransier is elected Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
1871 – Jefferson F. Long (GA), Robert C. De Large (SC), Robert B. Elliott (SC), Benjamin S. Turner (AL) and Josiah T. Walls (FL) elected to US Congress
P. B. S. Pinchback appointed Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
1872 – P. B. S. Pinchback becomes Governor of Louisiana
P. B. S. Pinchback (LA) is elected to US Senate
Francis Lewis Cardozo is elected State Treasurer of South Carolina
Henry E. Hayne is elected Secretary of State of South Carolina
Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs is appointed Florida Commissioner of Education
Richard Howell Gleaves is elected Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
1873 – Richard H. Cain (SC), John R. Lynch (MS), Alonzo J. Ransier (SC) and James T. Rapier (AL) elected to US Congress
Caesar Antoine is elected Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
1875 – Blanche Bruce (MS) is elected to the US Senate
Jeremiah Haralson (AL), John Adams Hyman (NC), Charles E. Nash (LA) and Robert Smalls (SC) elected to US Congress
1880's
1883 – James E. O'Hara (NC) elected to US Congress
1889 – Henry Plummer Cheatham (NC) elected to US Congress
1890's
1890 – John Mercer Langston (VA) and Thomas E. Miller (SC) elected to US Congress
1893 – George W. Murray (SC) elected to US Congress
1897 – George Henry White (NC) elected to US Congress
1920s
1921 – Walter L. Cohen is appointed Comptroller of Customs
1929 – Oscar Stanton De Priest (IL) elected to US Congress
1950s
1954 – Archie Alexander is appointed Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands
1960s
Melvin H. Evans is elected Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands
1970s
1975 – President Gerald Ford appoints the following:
William T. Coleman as Secretary of Transportation
James B. Parsons is named Chief Judge of the US District Court in Chicago
1979 – Melvin H. Evans is elected to US Congress (Virgin Islands)
Ethel D. Allen is appointed Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
1980s
1980 – NAACP President Benjamin Hooks is invited to address the Republican National Convention
1981 – President Ronald Reagan appoints the following:
Clarence Pendleton, Jr. as Chairman of the US Civil Rights Commission
Samuel Pierce as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1982 – President Reagan appoints Clarence Thomas as Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
1985 – President Reagan appoints Alan Keyes the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs.
1987 – President Reagan appoints Colin L. Powell the National Security Advisor.
1989 – President George H. W. Bush appoints the following:
Louis Wade Sullivan as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
General Colin L. Powell as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Condoleezza Rice as Senior Director of the National Security Council for Soviet and East European Affairs
Constance Berry Newman as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management
Vernon Parker as Special Assistant to the President on the White House Staff
1990s
1990 – Arthur Fletcher is appointed as the Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights
1991 – Gary Franks (CT) is elected to US Congress
1991 – President George H. W. Bush appoints Clarence Thomas to U.S. Supreme Court
1993 – President George H. W. Bush appoints John W. Shannon as United States Under Secretary of the Army
1995 – J. C. Watts (OK) elected to US Congress
1998 – U.S. House of Representatives elects J. C. Watts (R-OK) to be Chairman of the House Republican Conference.
DeForest Soaries appointed as Secretary of State of New Jersey
1999 – Ken Blackwell elected as the Ohio Secretary of State
Joe Rogers elected as the Lieutenant Governor of Colorado
2000s
2001 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
General Colin Powell as the United States Secretary of State
Roderick R. Paige as the United States Secretary of Education
Condoleezza Rice as Advisor of the National Security Council
Alphonso Jackson as the Deputy Secretary to Housing and Urban Development
Claude Allen as the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
Leo S. Mackay, Jr. as the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Larry D. Thompson as the United States Deputy Attorney General
Michael Powell as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
Stephen A. Perry as Administrator of General Services Administration
Kay Coles James as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management
Charles E. James, Sr. as Director of Federal Contract Compliance
Ruth A. Davis as Director General of the Foreign Service
Reginald J. Brown as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Coordinator for Counterterrorism
Eric M. Bost as Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services
Brian C. Roseboro as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets
Dr. Eric Motley as Deputy Associate Director, Office of Presidential Personnel
Pierre-Richard Prosper as United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues
Andrea Barthwell as Deputy Director for Demand Reduction at the Office of National Drug Control Policy
Randy Daniels, Secretary of State of New York joins the GOP.
2002 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
Major General Claude M. Bolton, Jr. as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology
Lynn Swann as Chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security
Ron Christie as Special Assistant to the President
2003 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
Clark Ervin as Inspector General of the United States Department of Homeland Security
Vernon Parker as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Civil Rights
Michael Steele elected as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
Jennette Bradley elected as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio
2004 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
Alphonso Jackson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Gerald A. Reynolds as Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights
Constance Berry Newman as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
Brian C. Roseboro as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
2005 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State
Claude Allen as Director of the Domestic Policy Council
Admiral John O. Agwunobi as United States Assistant Secretary for Health
Jendayi Frazer as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
B. J. Penn as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment)
Randy Brock elected as Vermont Auditor of Accounts
Jennette Bradley is appointed Ohio State Treasurer
2006 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
Lurita Doan as first female Administrator of the U.S. General Services Administration
Ronald J. James as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
2009 – Michael Steele elected Chairman of the Republican National Committee
2010s
2010 – Tim Scott (SC) and Lt Col. Allen West (FL) elected to US Congress
Jennifer Carroll is elected Lieutenant Governor of Florida
2011 – Herman Cain sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2012
2012 – Artur Davis, a former Democratic Party member of the United States House of Representatives joins the GOP.
2013 – Tim Scott (SC) is appointed to the US Senate.
Dwayne Sawyer is appointed as Indiana State Auditor
2014 – Mia Love (UT) and Will Hurd (TX) elected to US Congress
Boyd Rutherford is elected Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
2015 – Ben Carson sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2016
Jenean Hampton is elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
2016 – Curtis Hill is elected Indiana Attorney General
Colin Powell receives three electoral votes for President from faithless electors
Juan Chastang – Mobile County Commissioner (2005–2008)
Walt Furnace – Member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1983–1991)
Vernon Parker – Mayor of Paradise Valley, Arizona (2008–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2012)
Acquanetta Warren – Mayor of Fontana, California (2010–present)
Damon Dunn – California Secretary of State Nominee (2010) and Dallas Cowboys football player
H. Abram Wilson – Mayor of San Ramon, California (2002–2007)
Ward Connerly – University of California Regent (1993–2005)
Frederick Madison Roberts – State Assemblyman (1919–1934)
Darryl Glenn – U.S. Senate nominee (2016)
Ryan Frazier – Aurora City Councilman (2003–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2010)
Ed Jones – Colorado State Senator (2001–2007)
Aundre Bumgardner – Connecticut State Representative (2015-2017)
Donald Blakey – Delaware State Representative (2007–2015)
Byron Donalds – Florida State Representative (2017–present)
Mike Hill – Florida State Representative (2013–2017)
Peter Boulware – Florida House of Representatives Nominee (2008) and Baltimore Ravens football player
Andrew Honeycutt – Candidate for Georgia House of Representatives (2014)
Deborah Honeycutt – Nominee for Georgia's 13th congressional district (2006 & 2008)
Willie Talton – Georgia State Representative (2005–2015)
Melvin Everson – Georgia State Representative (2005–2011)
Henrietta Canty – Georgia State Representative (1990-1998)
John D. Anthony – Illinois State Representative (2013–2016)
Tony Childress – Livingston County Sheriff (2014–present)
Erika Harold – Miss America (2003) and U.S House candidate (2012/2014)
Archibald Carey, Jr. – Chicago City Council Alderman (1947–1955)
William L. Dawson – Chicago City Council Alderman (1933–1939)
Arthur W. Mitchell – Committeeman
Roger Brown – Indianapolis City Councillor (1993–1997) and Indiana Pacers basketball player
Tony Barton – Kansas State Representative (2015-2017)
Willie Dove – Kansas State Representative (2013–present)
Anna Simms Banks – Republican Delegate (1920)
Charles W. Anderson – Kentucky State Representative (1936–1948)
Elbert Guillory – Louisiana State Senator (2009–2015) and candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (2015)
Maryland
Aris T. Allen – Maryland State Delegate (1967-1974 & 1991), Lieutenant Governor nominee (1978) and State Senator (1979–1982)
Frank Cousins – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1996) and Essex County Sheriff (1996–present)
Larry Deshazor – Michigan State Representative (2009–2011)
Paul H. Scott – Michigan State Representative (2009–2011)
Bill Hardiman – Mayor of Kentwood, Michigan (1992–2002), Michigan State Senator (2003–2011) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
Keith Butler – Detroit Councilman (2002–2008) and U.S. Senate candidate (2006)
David A. Clarke Jr. – Milwaukee Sheriff, and supporter of and adviser to President Elect Donald Trump, a conservative Democrat.
Angela McGlowan – Miss District of Columbia USA (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
Yvonne Brown – Mayor of Tchula, Mississippi (2001–2009) and U.S. House nominee (2006)
Nic Lott – Chairman for the Mississippi Young Republicans
Charles Evers – Mayor of Fayette, Mississippi (1969–1981 & 1985–1989)
Shamed Dogan – Missouri State Representative (2015–present)
Neal E. Boyd – 2008 Winner of America's Got Talent and nominee/candidate for the Missouri House of Representatives (2012/2014)
Sherman Parker – Missouri State Representative (2002–2008)
Carson Ross – Missouri State Representative (1989–2002) and Mayor of Blue Springs, Missouri (2008–present)
Dinah Abrahamson – Nebraska State Central Committeewoman (2005–2013)
Niger Innis – Director of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and U.S. House candidate (2014)
Lynette Boggs – Miss Oregon (1989), Las Vegas City Council (1999–2004), Clark County Commission (2004–2006) and U.S. House nominee (2002)
Maurice Washington – Nevada State Senator (1994–2010)
Jim Lawrence – New Hampshire State Representative (2004–2010) and U.S. House candidate (2014)
Garry Cobb – U.S. House nominee (2014) and Dallas Cowboys football player
Bruce Harris – Mayor of Chatham Borough, New Jersey (2012–present)
Martin G. Barnes – Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey (1997–2002)
James L. Usry – Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey (1984–1990)
Ralph L. Bradley – Mayor of East Windsor, New Jersey (1992–1995)
Matthew G. Carter – Mayor of Montclair, New Jersey (1968–1972)
Walter G. Alexander - State Assemblyman (1920–1924) and Speaker of the Assembly (1921)
Jane Powdrell-Culbert – New Mexico State Representative (2002–present)
Conrad James – New Mexico State Representative (2010–2012 & 2014–2016)
Michel Faulkner – U.S. House nominee (2010) and New York Jets football player
James Garner – Mayor of Hempstead (1988–2005) and U.S. House nominee (2004)
Richard E. Jackson – Commissioner of Motor Vehicles (1995–2000)
Edward A. Johnson – New York State Assemblyman (1918–1920)
Thomas Stith – Town councilman of Durham, NC (1999–2007) and Governor of North Carolina Pat McCrory's Chief of Staff (2013–present)
Dr. Ada Fisher – NC Republican National Committeewoman (2008–present) and U.S. House nominee (2006 & 2008)
Robert C. Henry – Mayor of Springfield, Ohio (1966–1968)
T.W. Shannon – Oklahoma State Representative (2007–2015) and Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (2013–2014)
A. C. Hamlin – Oklahoma State Representative (1908–1910)
Jackie Winters – Oregon State Senator (2002–present)
Harry Lewis Jr. – Pennsylvania State Representative (2014–present)
Lynn Swann – Governor of Pennsylvania Nominee (2006) and Pittsburgh Steelers football player
Renee Amoore – Pennsylvania's Republican State Committeewoman (1992–2000)
Samuel Rivers Jr. – South Carolina State Representative (2012-)
Charmeka Childs – Deputy Superintendinent of Education (2010–2014)
Charles Drew – Tennessee State Representative (1983–1988)
Scott Turner – Texas State Representative (2013–present) and Denver Broncos football player
James White – Texas State Representative (2011–present)
Stefani Carter – Texas State Representative (2011–2015)
Robin Armstrong – Vice Chairman of the Republican Party of Texas (2006–2010)
Michael L. Williams – Commissioner of the Texas Education Agency (2012–present), Chairman of the Texas Railroad Commission (1999–2011) and U.S. House candidate (2012)
Ron Givens – Texas State Representative (1985–1989)
Clay Smothers – Texas State Representative (1977–1981)
Alvin B. Jackson – Utah State Senator (2013-2016)
James Evans – Utah State Senator (2002–2004) and Chairman of the Utah Republican Party (2013–present)
E.W. Jackson – Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Nominee (2013)
Winsome Sears – Virginia State Delegate (2002–2004) and U.S. House nominee (2004)
Paul Clinton Harris – Virginia State Delegate (1998–2002)
Noel C. Taylor – Mayor of Roanoke, Virginia (1975–1992)
Virgin Islands
Roy Innis – Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) & a member of the National Rifle Association's governing board.
Niger Innis – Spokesman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Michael Ross – Washington State Representative (1971–1973)
Charles Stokes – Washington State Representative (1951–1959)
Jill Upson – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–present)
Lynn Hutchings – Wyoming State Representative (2012–2014)
Janice Rogers Brown – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1996–2005) & U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2005–present)
George C. Hanks, Jr. – Justice on the First Court of Appeals (2010-2015) & Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (2015–present)
Sarah J. Harper – Ohio Court of Appeals (1990–2003)
Wallace Jefferson – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2001–2004) & Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2004–present)
Kevin A. Ross – Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court (1996–2005) & Judge on America's Court with Judge Ross (2010–present)
Clarence Thomas – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1991–present)
Lynn Toler – Arbitrator on the court series Divorce Court (2001–present)
Angela Tucker – Texas District Court Judge (2012–present)
Dale Wainwright – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2003–2012)
David W. Williams – Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California (1969–2000)
Robert P. Young, Jr. – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1999–present) & Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2011–present)
George Washington Williams – United States Ambassador to Haiti
Edward J. Perkins – United States Ambassador to the United Nations
Eric M. Bost – United States Ambassador to South Africa
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs – American Consul to Madagascar
TV personalities, authors and journalists
Michelle Bernard – Journalist
Deneen Borelli – Author, columnist, and Fox News contributor
Hallie Quinn Brown – Author
C.L. Bryant – TV host
Nannie Helen Burroughs – Author
Larry Elder – Author of 10 Things You Can't Say in America and radio host
Robert A. George – Journalist
James Golden – Producer for The Rush Limbaugh Show (under the alias "Bo Snerdley")
Amy Holmes – News anchor and political contributor on CNN
Lester Holt – News anchor at NBC News, a registered Republican since 2003
Zora Neale Hurston – Novelist
Raynard Jackson – Columnist and TV political analyst
Michael King – Emmy Award-winning television producer
Lenny McAllister – Author of Diary of a Mad Black PYC (Proud Young Conservative) and radio talk-show host from WVON-AM Chicago
Tamera Mowry-Housley – Actress best known for co-starring in the sitcom Sister, Sister
Deroy Murdock – Columnist for E. W. Scripps Company
Reverend Jesse Lee Peterson – President of the Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny
Jason Riley – Journalist
Bishop Larry Gaiters - Nationally Syndicated Radio Talk Show Host - Global Spiritual Revolution Radio - New York City, New York
Shelby Steele – Author
George Schuyler – Journalist
Tommy Sotomayor – Radio and internet talk show host, YouTube personality, men's rights activist and film producer
Armstrong Williams – Author of Beyond Blame and TV host of On Point
Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré
Lieutenant Colonel Frances Rice – Chairwoman of the National Black Republican Association
Major General Mary J. Kight – Adjutant General of California (2010–2011)
Columnists
Stephen L. Carter – Christianity Today columnist, author of The Culture of Disbelief
Robert A. George – Columnist for the New York Post
Ken Hamblin – Denver Post columnist
Deroy Murdock – National Review columnist
Sophia A. Nelson – Chair of PoliticalIntersection.com and politicalintersection.blogspot.com
Star Parker – President of the Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education, columnist & author
Thomas Sowell – Hoover Institute fellow and Author of Basic Economics
Walter E. Williams – Author of More Liberty Means Less Government
Athletes and entertainers
Ernie Banks – Chicago Cubs baseball player
James Brown – Musician. Openly endorsed Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election and named Strom Thurmond as one of his heroes during a 1999 interview with Rolling Stone.
Nolan Carroll – Miami Dolphins football player and son of Jennifer Carroll, Lieutenant Governor of Florida
50 Cent – Rapper. Supported George W. Bush in 2005, but switched to the Democratic Party in support of Hillary Clinton in 2008
Wilt Chamberlain – Los Angeles Lakers basketball player
Ray Charles – Musician
Bryan Clay – Decathlete
Stacey Dash – Actress
Robert Griffin III – Washington Redskins football player
Dwayne Johnson ("The Rock") – Actor and WWE wrestler
Mike Jones – WWF wrestler
Ronnie Lott – San Francisco 49ers football player
Don King – Boxing promoter
Karl Malone – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player
Shaquille O'Neal – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player
Burgess Owens – Former NFL player
Joseph C. Phillips – Actor
Jackie Robinson – Brooklyn Dodgers baseball player
Dennis Rodman – Retired professional basketball player
Thurman Thomas – Buffalo Bills football player
Cowboy Troy – Country rapper
David Tyree – New York Giants football player
Mike Tyson – Former professional boxer
Sheryl Underwood – Comedian
Herschel Walker – Dallas Cowboys football player
Jimmie Walker – Actor
Kenny Washington – First black player to join the National Football League after it lifted its thirteen-year ban on black players in 1946
Education and business
Michelle Bernard – President and CEO of the Independent Women's Forum
Herman Cain – Former CEO of Godfather's Pizza, talk show host and one-time presidential candidate
George Washington Carver – Inventor
Ward Connerly – University of California Regent
Arthur Fletcher – Academic
Samuel B. Fuller – Businessman
James T. Harris III – 9th President of Widener University
George B. Jackson – Businessman
Dr. Mildred Fay Jefferson – First African American to graduate from Harvard Medical School
Alveda King – Niece of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and senior fellow at the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution
Stephen N. Lackey – Businessman
Vernon Robinson – Academic
Marvin Scott – Academic
Joshua I. Smith – Businessman
Thomas Sowell – Academic
Booker T. Washington – Academic
Vern Williams – Member of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel
Walter E. Williams – Academic
Civil rights, abolitionist and activists
Octavius Catto – Civil rights activist
Eldridge Cleaver – Leader of the Black Panther Party
James L. Farmer, Jr. – Civil rights leader
Ted Hayes – Activist for the homeless
Dr. T. R. M. Howard – Civil rights campaigner
James Weldon Johnson – Activist
Scipio Africanus Jones – Activist
Charles Henry Langston – Abolitionist
James Meredith – Civil rights campaigner
Abe Lincoln Black Republican Caucus
Insight America
Republicans for Black Empowerment
Congress of Racial Equality
American Civil Rights Institute
Project 21
Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education
National Black Republican Association
Chidike Okeem
BookerRising.net
Conservative Black Chick
BlackConservative360
The Black Libertarian
