William Dieterle

Early life and career

He was born Wilhelm Dieterle in Ludwigshafen, the youngest child of nine, to Jacob and Berthe (Doerr) Dieterle. As a child, he lived in considerable poverty and earned money by various means including carpentry and as a scrap dealer. He became interested in theater early and would stage productions in the family barn for friends and family. At the age of sixteen he had joined a traveling theater company as a handy-man, scene shifter and apprentice actor. His striking good looks and ambition soon paved the way as a leading romantic actor in theater productions. In 1919, he attracted the attention of Max Reinhardt in Berlin who hired him as an actor for his productions until 1924. He started acting in German films in 1921 to make more money and quickly became a popular character actor. He usually portrayed "country yokels" or simpletons with great gusto and popularity, but he was ambitious to begin a career as a director. In 1921 Dieterle married Charlotte Hagenbruch, an actress and later screenwriter.

In 1923 Dieterle used his own money to make his first film, Der Mensch am Wege. Based on a Leo Tolstoy short story, the film co-starred a young Marlene Dietrich. Years later Dieterle said of the film "we were just four or five very young, enthusiastic, and revolutionary people who wanted to do something different. We brought it out; it didn't make any money, but was shown and it was an interesting experiment." In 1924 Dieterle left Reinhardt's company and formed his own theater company in Berlin, although it was unsuccessful and short lived. He also returned to film acting for several years and appeared in such notable German films as Das Wachsfigurenkabinett (Waxworks) (1924) and F. W. Murnau's Faust (1926). In 1927, Dieterle and his wife formed their own production company, Charrha-Film, and Dieterle returned to directing films, such as Sex in Chains (1928) in which he also played the lead role.

Hollywood career: 1930s

In 1930, the political and economic situations in Germany worsened and, like many from the German film industry, Dieterle emigrated to the United States. Dieterle had said "It was a running joke in Berlin...if the phone rang at a restaurant they said it must be Hollywood. Well, one night my wife and I were dining out and it really happened." Dieterle was offered a job at First National to make dubbed versions of Hollywood films in German, as the studios were afraid of losing foreign business with the advent of sound films. Instead, when Dieterle, his wife and a group of actors arrived they found that the films had already been dubbed and they were able to completely remake German versions of four Hollywood films, including Lloyd Bacon's Moby Dick (1930) in which Dieterle played Ahab. After the four films were completed, Warner Brothers' Vice President of Production Hal B. Wallis was so impressed that he invited Dieterle to stay in Hollywood. He became a US citizen in 1937.

He adapted quickly to Hollywood filmmaking with his first film, The Last Flight (1931). The film depicts four American fighter pilots who roam around Paris after World War I trying to put their lives back together. It starred Richard Barthelmess and Helen Chandler and was compared to the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Although not a success on its first run, it was hailed as a forgotten masterpiece at a 1970 revival screening. His initial Hollywood career was neither successful nor notable, and included such films as the W. C. Fields musical Her Majesty, Love (1932), Jewel Robbery (1932), Adorable (1933), and Fog Over Frisco (1934) with Bette Davis.

In 1934, Max Reinhardt was staging a version of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. Dieterle convinced Warner Brothers to finance a big budget version of the film with an all-star cast. The resulting film, A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935), revitalized Dieterle's career as a major Hollywood director. Starring James Cagney, Olivia de Havilland, Joe E. Brown and an 11-year-old Mickey Rooney, the film had very mixed reviews for its "Americanization" of Shakespeare, but was a success on release and is now considered a classic. During production, Reinhardt would rehearse the actors and then let Dieterle direct the film.

Dieterle then directed the first of his hugely successful "biography films" with actor Paul Muni, beginning with The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936). The film stars Paul Muni as the scientist who discovered the principles of vaccination and struggled against a skeptical medical community. The film was a success both critically and financially and earned Muni the Oscar for Best Actor. It also helped to establish Warner Brothers as a producer of "prestige pictures" after almost a decade of being known primarily for crime dramas. Unfortunately this led to several films which Dieterle did not like because "at Warners the moment you had a success they gave you something terrible to keep you from getting a swelled head." These films included the second version of Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon, Satan Met a Lady with Bette Davis, The Prince and the Pauper and another bio-pic about Florence Nightingale, The White Angel.

Dieterle was then allowed to make another bio-pic with Paul Muni, The Life of Emile Zola (1937). Based on the life of the French philosopher and novelist Émile Zola, the film concentrates on Zola's response to the Dreyfus affair involving the falsely accused and convicted Jewish French officer unjustly found guilty of treason and imprisoned. The film was an enormous success and writer Frank S. Nugent called it "the finest historical film ever made and the greatest screen biography." It was nominated for 10 Academy Awards and won for Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor for Joseph Schildkraut (as Dreyfus) and Best Screenplay. Dieterle lost the award for Best Director to Leo McCarey. It was his only nomination.

Dieterle's next film would come back to haunt both him and screenwriter John Howard Lawson later in life. Blockade (1938) stars Henry Fonda as a dedicated Loyalist fighter and Madeline Carroll as the reluctant Franco spy who falls in love with him during the Spanish Civil War. The film was openly anti-fascist and critical of nations that stood by and let fascist dictators commit atrocities. It was mildly controversial upon release, but would become one of the major films cited by Congressional Committees during the Hollywood Witch Hunt of the 1940s and 1950s. Its 1938 premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theater was abruptly and inexplicably cancelled.

Juarez (1939) was the third biographical picture that Dieterle made with Paul Muni, depicting the life of Mexican politician Benito Juárez and his conflict with Emperor Maximilian I. Upon its release, Dieterle was called "the quintessential liberal director of the 30s" and when interviewed in the 1970s Dieterle said "it should be the biggest kind of picture right now- a big modern army worn down by guerrilla fighters. The parallel with Vietnam is so obvious."

Dieterle again found both financial and critical success with The Hunchback of Notre Dame (also 1939). The film stars Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and a 19-year-old Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda. Dieterle then made two more bio-pics, this time both starring Edward G. Robinson instead of Paul Muni. Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940) is about Paul Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan, which made syphilis curable; and A Dispatch from Reuter's (also 1940), about the man who established the first news agency. These were Dieterle's last films for Warner Brothers.

Hollywood career: 1940s

While many commentators at the time felt that his career had reached a peak in the 1930s, it is now believed that the films of this period contain some of his best work. David Thomson, for instance, has written that the bio-pics of the 1930s are "ponderous, Germanic works, suffering from staginess and the unrestrained histrionics of Paul Muni." By the time he was working for Selznick in the 1940s, the director's "sense of almost supernatural atmosphere" matched those of his producer, with his later works "all suggest if not a late flowering, a realization that his talent was for the lavish romantic."

The Devil and Daniel Webster (also known as All That Money Can Buy, 1941) is a gothic fantasy and loose adaptation of the Faust legend set in New Hampshire during the 1840s. Starring Walter Huston and Edward Arnold as the titular Prince of Darkness and early Congressman who battle over the soul of Jabez Stone after an ill-conceived deal with the devil. Although unsuccessful upon its initial release, it is today a classic with Noirish cinematography by Joe August, Oscar-winning score by Bernard Herrmann and still impressive special effects.

After another bio-pic about President Andrew Johnson called Tennessee Johnson (1942) starring Van Heflin and Lionel Barrymore and a remake of Kismet (1944) with Ronald Colman and Marlene Dietrich, Love Letters (1945) stars Joseph Cotten as a soldier who writes love letters on behalf of a friend during World War II. Jennifer Jones stars as the recipient of the letters who falls in love with the writer. Years after the war, Cotten tracks down Jones only to find that she has lost her memory and apparently killed her husband. The film was produced by Jones's then husband David O. Selznick, who also produced Dieterle's next film.

Portrait of Jennie (1948) stars Cotten and Jones as a painter and his muse. After meeting in Central Park one day, Cotten paints a portrait of Jones that makes him famous, but is unable to find his muse who he has fallen in love with. The film's budget dramatically increased during production and Selznick was forced to sell Dieterle's contract to Paramount Pictures, where his career never reached the heights of the previous 15 years.

Later career

Dieterle's career declined in the 1950s during the time of McCarthyism. Although he was never blacklisted directly, his libertarian film Blockade (1938), in addition to people he had worked with, were thought to be suspect. Also, in the 1930s he and his wife had worked to help get people out of Nazi Germany and given aid to many left-wing friends, including Bertolt Brecht. Of this period, Dieterle said "Although I was never to my knowledge on any blacklist, I must have been on some kind of gray list because I couldn't get any work."

He continued to make American films in the 1950s, including the film noir The Turning Point (1952) and Salome (1953) with Rita Hayworth. Production for Elephant Walk (1954) with Elizabeth Taylor was held up for three months when the State Department would not allow Dieterle to travel to Ceylon. He made two more Hollywood films before moving back to Europe: a biopic of Richard Wagner, Magic Fire (1955) for Republic Pictures and Omar Khayyam (1957).

He made some films in Germany and Italy, and a notorious U.S. flop, Quick, Let's Get Married (1964) – also known as The Confession or Seven Different Ways – with Ginger Rogers before retiring in 1965.

Dieterle is remembered for always wearing a large hat and white gloves on set. This was due to needing to quickly change roles from actor to technician without dirtying his hands during his early career.