Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)

Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata [p. 24]

Subphylum 1. Hemichordata (e.g., Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura)

Subphylum 2. Cephalochordata (= Acrania) (e.g., Branchiostoma)

Subphylum 3. Tunicata (e.g., Ciona)

Subphylum 4. Vertebrata (= Craniata)

Superclass 1. Agnatha

Class 1. Cyclostomata

Class 2. †Cephalaspidomorphi (e.g., †Cephalaspis)

Class 3. †Pteraspidomorphi (e.g., †Pteraspis)

Class 4. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius)

Superclass 2. Gnathostomata

Class 1. †Placodermi (e.g., †Acanthodes)

Class 2. Elasmobranchii

Class 3. Actinopterygii

Class 4. Crossopterygii

Class 5. Amphibia

Class 6. Reptilia

Class 7. Aves

Class 8. Mammalia

Superclass Agnatha

Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)

Superclass 1. Agnatha [p. 81]

Class 1. Cyclostomata

Order 1. Petromyzontia (e.g., Petromyzon, Lampetra, Entosphenus, Geotria, Mordacia)

Order 2. Myxinoidea (e.g., Myxine, Bdellostoma)

Class 2. †Osteostraci (e.g., †Cephalaspis, †Tremataspis)

Class 3. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius)

Class 4. †Heterostraci (e.g., †Astraspis, †Pteraspis, †Drepanaspis)

Class 5. †Coelolepida (e.g., †Thelodus, †Lanarkia)

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class Elasmobranchii

Superclass 2. Gnathostomata

Class Elasmobranchii (= Chondrichthyes) [p. 175]

Subclass 1. Selachii

Order 1. †Cladoselachii (e.g., †Cladoselache, †Goodrichia)

Order 2. †Pleuracanthodii (e.g., †Pleuracanthus)

Order 3. Protoselachii (e.g., †Hybodiis, Heterodontus)

Order 4. Euselachii

Suborder 1. Pleurotremata

Division 1. Notidanoidea (e.g., Hexanchus, Chlamydoselache)

Division 2. Galeoidea (e.g., Scyliorhinus, Mustelus, Cetorhinus, Carcharodon)

Division 3. Squaloidea (e.g., Squalus, Squatina, Pristiophorus, Alopias)

Suborder 2. Hypotremata (e.g., Raja, Rhinobatis, Pristis, Torpedo, Trygon)

Subclass 2. Bradyodonti

Order 1. †Eubradyodonti (e.g., †Helodus)

Order 2. Holocephali (e.g., Chimaera)

Class Actinopterygii

Class Actinopterygii [p. 228]

Superorder 1. Chondrostei

Order 1. Palaeoniscoidei (e.g., †Cheirolepis, †Palaeoniscus, †Amphicentrum, †Platysomus, †Dorypterus, †Cleithrolepis, †Tarrasius, Polypterus [bichir])

Order 2. Acipenseroidei (e.g., †Chondrosteus, Acipenser [sturgeon], Polyodon [paddle-fish])

Order 3. Subholostei (e.g., †Ptycholepis)

Superorder 2. Holostei (e.g., †Acentrophorus, †Lepidotes, †Dapedius, †Microdon, Amia [bowfin], Lepisosteus [gar-pike])

Superorder 3. Teleostei

Order 1. Isospondyli (e.g., †Leptolepis, †Portheus, Clupea [herring], Salmo [trout])

Order 2. Ostariophysi (e.g., Cyprinus [carp], Tinea [tench], Silurus [catfish])

Order 3. Apodes (e.g., Anguilla [eel], Conger [conger eel])

Order 4. Mesichthyes (e.g., Esox [pike], Belone, Exoeoetus [flying fish], Gasterostens [stickle-back], Syngnathus [pipe-fish], Hippocampus [seahorse])

Order 5. Acanthopterygii (e.g., †Hoplopteryx, Zens [John Dory], Perca [perch], Labrus [wrasse], Uranoscopus [star gazer], Blennius [blenny], Gadus [whiting], Pleuronectes [plaice], Solea [sole], Lophius [angler-fish])

Class Crossopterygii

Class Crossopterygii [p. 268]

Order 1. Rhipidistia

Suborder 1. †Osteolepidoti (e.g., †Osteolepis, †Sauripterus, †Diplopterax, †Eusthenopteron)

Suborder 2. Coelacanthini (= Actinistia) (e.g., †Coelacanthus, †Undina, Latimeria)

Order 2. Dipnoi (e.g., †Dipterus, †Ceratodus, Neoceratodus, Protopterus, Lepidosiren)

Class Amphibia

Class Amphibia [p. 296]

Subclass 1. †Stegocephalia

Order 1. †Labyrinthodontia

Suborder 1. †Ichthyostegalia (e.g., †Ichthyostega, †Elpistostege)

Suborder 2. †Embolomeri (e.g., †Eogyrinus, †Loxomma)

Suborder 3. †Rhachitomi (e.g., †Eryops, †Cacops)

Suborder 4. †Stereospondyli (e.g., †Capitosaurus, †Buettneria)

Order 2. †Phyllospondyli (e.g., †Branchiosaurus)

Order 3. †Lepospondyli (e.g., †Dolichosoma, †Diplocaulus, †Microbrachis)

Order 4. †Adelospondyli (e.g., †Lysorophus)

Subclass 2. Urodela (= Caudata) (e.g., Molge, Salamandra, Ambystoma, Necturus)

Subclass 3. Anura (= Salientia) (e.g., †Miobatrachus, †Protobatrachiis, Rana, Bufo, Hyla, Pipa)

Subclass 4. Apoda (= Gymnophiona = Caecilia) (e.g., Ichthyophis, Typhlonectes)

Class Reptilia

Class Reptilia [p. 369]

Subclass 1. Anapsida

Order 1. †Cotylosauria (e.g., †Seymouria, †Captorhinus, †Diadectes)

Order 2. Chelonia (e.g., †Eunotosaurus, †Triassochelys, Chelys, Emys, Chelone, Testudo)

Subclass 2. †Synaptosauria

Order 1. †Protorosauria (e.g., †Araeoscelis, †Tanystropheus)

Order 2. †Sauropterygia (e.g., †Lariosaurus, †Pliosaurus, †Plesiosaurus, †Placodus)

Subclass 3. †Ichthyopterygia

Order 1. †Ichthyosauria (e.g., †Mixosaurus, †Ichthyosaurus)

Subclass 4. Lepidosauria

Order 1. †Eosuchia (e.g., †Youngina, †Prolacerta)

Order 2. Rhynchocephalia (e.g., †Homoesaurus, †Rhynchosaurus, Sphenodon [= Hatteria])

Order 3. Squamata

Suborder 1. Lacertilia (= Sauria)

Infraorder 1. Gekkota (e.g., Gecko)

Infraorder 2. Iguania (e.g., Iguana, Anolis, Phrynosoma, Draco, Lyriocephalus, Agama, Chamaeleo)

Infraorder 3. Scincomorpha (e.g., Lacerta, Scincus, Amphisbaena)

Infraorder 4. Anguimorpha (e.g., †Dolichosaurus, †Aigialosaurus, †Tylosaurus, Varanus, Lanthanotus, Anguis)

Suborder 2. Ophidia (= Serpentes) (e.g., †Palaeophis, Python, Natrix, Naja, Vipera)

Subclass 5. Archosauria

Order 1. †Pseudosuchia (= †Thecodontia) (e.g., †Euparkeria, †Saltoposuchus)

Order 2. †Phytosauria (e.g., †Phytosaurus, †Mystriosuchus)

Order 3. Crocodilia (e.g., †Protosuchus, Crocodilus, Alligator, Caiman, Gavialis)

Order 4. †Saurischia

Suborder 1. †Theropoda (e.g., †Compsognathus, †Ornitholestes, †Allosaurus, †Tyrannosaurus, †Struthiomimus)

Suborder 2. †Sauropoda (e.g., †Apatosaurus [= †Brontosaurus], †Diplodocus, †Yaleosaurus, †Plateosaurus, Brachiosaurus)

Order 5. †Ornithischia

Suborder 1. †Ornithopoda (e.g., †Camptosaurus, †Iguanodon, †Hadrosaurus)

Suborder 2. †Stegosauria (e.g., †Stegosaurus)

Suborder 3. †Ankylosauria (e.g., †Ankylosaurus, †Nodosaurus)

Suborder 4. †Ceratopsia (e.g., †Triceratops)

Order 6. †Pterosauria (e.g., †Rhamphorhynchus, †Pteranodon)

Subclass 6. †Synapsida [pp. 370, 533]

Order 1. †Pelycosauria (= †Theromorpha) (e.g., †Varanosaurus, †Edaphosaurus, †Dimetrodon)

Order 2. †Therapsida

Suborder 1. †Dicynodontia (e.g., †Galepus, †Moschops, †Dicynodon, †Kannemeyeria)

Suborder 2. †Theriodontia (e.g., †Cynognathus, †Scymnognathus, †Bauria, †Dromatherium, †Tritylodon, †Oligokyphus)

Order 3. †Mesosauria (= †Proganosauria) (e.g., †Mesosaurus)

Class Aves

Class Aves [p. 509]

Subclass 1. †Archaeornithes (e.g., †Archaeopteryx)

Subclass 2. Neornithes

Superorder 1. †Odontognathae (e.g., †Hesperornis, †Ichthyornis)

Superorder 2. Palaeognathae [ratites] (e.g., Struthio, Rhea, Dromiceius, Casuarius, †Dinornis, †Aepyornis, Apteryx, Tinamus)

Superorder 3. Impennae [penguins] (e.g., Spheniscus, Aptenodytes)

Superorder 4. Neognathae

Order 1. Gaviiformes [loons] (e.g., Gavia [loon])

Order 2. Colymbiformes [grebes] (e.g., Colymbus [= Podiceps] [grebe])

Order 3. Procellariiformes [petrels] (e.g., Fulmarus [petrel], Puffinus [shearwater], Diomedea [albatross])

Order 4. Pelecaniformes (e.g., Phalacrocorax [cormorant], Pelecanus [pelican], Sida [gannet])

Order 5. Ciconiiformes (e.g., Ciconia [stork], Ardea [heron], Phoenicopterus [flamingo])

Order 6. Anseriformes [ducks] (e.g., Anas [duck], Cygnus [swan])

Order 7. Falconiformes [hawks] (e.g., Falco [kestrel], Aquila [eagle], Buteo [buzzard], Neophron [vulture], Milvus [kite])

Order 8. Galliformes [game birds] (e.g., Gallus [fowl], Phasianus [pheasant], Perdix [partridge], Lagopus [grouse], Meleagris [turkey], Numida [guinea fowl], Pavo [peacock], Opisthocomus [hoatzin])

Order 9. Gruiformes [rails] (e.g., Fulica [coot], Gallinula [moorhen], Crex [corn-crake], Grus [crane], †Phororhacos, †Diatryma)

Order 10. Charadriiformes [waders and gulls] (e.g., Numenius [curlew], Capella [snipe], Calidris [sandpiper], Vanellus [lapwing], Scolopax [woodcock], Larus [gull], Uria [guillemot], Plautus [little auk])

Order 11. Columbiformes [pigeons] (e.g., Columba [pigeon], †Raphus [dodo])

Order 12. Cuculiformes [cuckoos] (e.g., Cuculus [cuckoo])

Order 13. Psittaciformes [parrots]

Order 14. Strigiformes [owls] (e.g., Athene [little owl], Tyto [farm owl], Strix [tawny owl])

Order 15. Caprimulgiformes [nightjars] (e.g., Caprimulgus [nightjar])

Order 16. Micropodiformes (e.g., Apus [swift], Trochilus [humming-bird])

Order 17. Coraciiformes (e.g., Merops [bee-eater], Alcedo [kingfisher])

Order 18. Piciformes [woodpeckers] (e.g., Picus [woodpecker])

Order 19. Passeriformes [perching birds] (e.g., Corvus [rook], Sturnus [starling], Fringilla [finch], Passer [house-sparrow], Alauda [lark], Anthus [pipit], Motacilla [wagtail], Certhia [tree-creeper], Parus [tit], Lanius [shrike], Sylvia [warbler], Turdus [thrush], Erithacus [British robin], Luscinia [nightingale], Prunella [hedge-sparrow], Troglodytes [wren], Hirundo [swallow])

Class Mammalia

Class Mammalia [p. 533]

Subclass 1. Eotheria

Order †Docodonta (e.g., †Morganucodon, †Docodon)

Order incertae sedis †Diarthrognathus

Subclass 2. Prototheria

Order Monotremata (e.g., Tachyglossus [= Echidna] [spiny anteater], Zaglossus [= Proechidna], Ornithorhynchus [platypus])

Subclass 3. †Allotheria

Order †Multituberculata (e.g., †Plagiaulax, †Ptilodus)

Subclass 4. Theria

Infraclass 1. †Pantotheria

Order 1. †Eupantotheria (e.g., †Amphitherium)

Order 2. †Symmetrodonta (e.g., †Spalacotherium)

Infraclass 2. Metatheria

Order Marsupialia

Infraclass 3. Eutheria (= Placentalia)

Order incertae sedis †Triconodonta (e.g., †Amphilestes, †Triconodon)

Infraclass Metatheria

Infraclass 2. Metatheria [p. 563]

Order Marsupialia

Superfamily 1. Didelphoidea (e.g., †Eodelphis, Didelphis [opossum], Chironectes [water opossum])

Superfamily 2. †Borhyaenoidea (e.g., †Thylacosmilus, †Borhyaena)

Superfamily 3. Dasyuroidea (e.g., Dasyurus [native cat], Sarcophilus [Tasmanian devil], Thylacinus [Tasmanian wolf], Myrmecobius [banded ant-eater], Notoryctes [marsupial mole], Sminthopsis [pouched mouse])

Superfamily 4. Perameloidea (e.g., Perameles [bandicoot])

Superfamily 5. Caenolestoidea (e.g., †Palaeothentes [= †Epanorthus], Caenolestes [opossum-rat])

Superfamily 6. Phalangeroidea (e.g., Trichosurus [Australian opossum], Petaurus [flying opossum], Phascolarctos [koala bear], Vombatus [wombat], Macropus [kangaroo], Bettongia [rat kangaroo], †Diprotodon, †Thylacoleo)

Infraclass Eutheria

Infraclass 3. Eutheria [p. 577]

Cohort 1. Unguiculata

Order 1. Insectivora [p. 581]

Order 2. Chiroptera [p. 585]

Order 3. Dermoptera

Order 4. †Taeniodonta

Order 5. †Tillodontia

Order 6. Edentata [p. 592]

Order 7. Pholidota

Order 8. Primates [p. 602]

Cohort 2. Glires [p. 653]

Order 1. Rodentia

Order 2. Lagomorpha

Cohort 3. Mutica [p. 666]

Order Cetacea

Cohort 4. Ferungulata

Superorder 1. Ferae [p. 679]

Order Carnivora

Superorder 2. Protungulata [p. 699]

Order 1. †Condylarthra

Order 2. †Notoungulata

Order 3. †Litopterna

Order 4. †Astrapotheria

Order 5. Tubulidentata

Superorder 3. Paenungulata [p. 706]

Order 1. Hyracoidea

Order 2. Proboscidea

Order 3. †Pantodonta

Order 4. †Dinocerata

Order 5. †Pyrotheria

Order 6. †Embrithopoda

Order 7. Sirenia

Superorder 4. Mesaxonia [p. 723]

Order Perissodactyla

Superorder 5. Paraxonia [p. 745]

Order Artiodactyla

Order Primates

Order 8. Primates [p. 602]

Suborder 1. Prosimii

Infraorder 1. Lemuriformes

Family 1. †Plesiadapidae (e.g., †Plesiadapis)

Family 2. †Adapidae (e.g., †Notharctus, †Adapis)

Family 3. Lemuridae (e.g., †Megaladapis, Lemur [common lemur])

Family 4. Indridae (e.g., Indri [indris])

Family 5. Daubentoniidae (e.g., Daubentonia [= Cheiromys] [aye-aye])

Infraorder 2. Lorisiformes

Family. Lorisidae (e.g., Loris [slender loris], Galago [bush baby], Perodicticus [potto])

Infraorder 3. Tarsiiformes

Family 1. †Anaptomorphidae (e.g., †Necrolemur, †Pseudoloris)

Family 2. Tarsiidae (e.g., Tarsius [tarsier])

Suborder 2. Anthropoidea

Superfamily 1. Ceboidea [New World monkeys]

Family 1. Callithricidae (e.g., Callithrix [= Hapale] [marmoset])

Family 2. Cebidae (e.g., †Homunculus, Cebus [capuchin], Ateles [spider monkey], Alouatta [howler monkey])

Superfamily 2. Cercopithecoidea

Family 1. †Parapithecidae (e.g., †Parapithecus)

Family 2. Cercopithecidae [Old World monkeys] (e.g., †Mesopithecus, Macaca [rhesus monkey, macaque], Papio [baboon], Mandrillus [mandrill], Cercopithecus [guenon], Presbytis [langur], Colobus, [guereza])

Superfamily 3. Hominoidea

Family 1. Pongidae [apes] (e.g., †Propliopithecus, †Pliopithecus, †Dryopithecus, †Oreopithecus †Australopithecus, †Proconsul, Hylobates [gibbon], Pongo [orang-utan], Pan [chimpanzee], Gorilla [gorilla])

Family 2. Hominidae [man] (e.g., †Pithecanthropus [= †Sinanthropus] [Java and Pekin man], Homo [man (“all living races”)])