Tripti Joshi (Editor)

Robert Urich

Updated on
Edit
Like
Comment
Share on FacebookTweet on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on Reddit
Name
  
Robert Urich

Occupation
  
Actor, producer


Nationality
  
American

Role
  
Film actor

Robert Urich Robert Urich Actor CineMagiaro


Full Name
  
Robert Michael Urich

Born
  
December 19, 1946 (
1946-12-19
)

Resting place
  
Alma mater
  
Florida State UniversityMichigan State University

Died
  
April 16, 2002, Thousand Oaks, California, United States

Spouse
  
Heather Menzies (m. 1975–2002), Barbara Rucker (m. 1968–1974)

Children
  
Ryan Urich, Emily Urich, Allison Grady Urich

Movies
  
The Ice Pirates, Magnum Force

TV shows
  
Similar People
  
Heather Menzies, Ryan Urich, Barbara Rucker, Avery Brooks, Phyllis Davis

Cause of death
  
Synovial cell sarcoma

Other names
  
Bob UrichRobert York

The death of robert urich


Robert Michael Urich (December 19, 1946 – April 16, 2002) was an American film, television and stage actor and television producer. Over the course of his 30-year career, he starred in a record 15 television series.

Contents

Robert Urich httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsthu

Urich began his career in television in the early 1970s. After guest stints and roles in short-lived television series, he won a co starring role in the action/crime drama series S.W.A.T. in 1975. In 1976, he landed the role of Dan Tanna in the crime drama series Vega$. It aired on ABC from 1978 to 1981, and earned him two Golden Globe Award nominations. In addition to his work in television, he also starred in several feature films, including Magnum Force (1973), The Ice Pirates (1984), and Turk 182 (1985). From 1985 to 1988, he portrayed the title role in the detective television series Spenser: For Hire, based on Robert B. Parker's popular series of mystery novels. In 1988, he began hosting the documentary series National Geographic Explorer. He won a CableACE Award for his work on the series. He was also awarded a Golden Boot Award for his work in Western television series and films.

Robert Urich Robert Urich Celebrity Famous people and People

In 1996, Urich starred in The Lazarus Man. It was canceled shortly after he announced that he was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, a rare cancer, in July 1996. He sought treatment for his illness while continuing his career and also worked to raise money for cancer research. He was declared cancer free in 1998 and returned to television in the UPN series, Love Boat: The Next Wave. In 2000, he made his Broadway debut as Billy Flynn in the musical Chicago. His last role was in the NBC sitcom Emeril in 2001, but in fall that year, his cancer returned. He died of synovial sarcoma in Thousand Oaks, California, in 2002 at the age of 55.

Robert Urich Robert Urich Biography and Filmography 1946

The dirty harry interviews robert urich


Early life

Robert Urich THE DEATH OF ROBERT URICH YouTube

Urich was born in Toronto, Ohio, the son of John Paul and Cecilia Monica Urich. He was of Rusyn and Slovak extraction and raised Byzantine Catholic and Roman Catholic. Urich attended Florida State University on a football scholarship as a center, and was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. In 1968, he earned a bachelor's degree in Radio and Television Communications. He went on to Michigan State University after working in Ohio to earn a master's degree in Broadcast Research and Management. He then worked as a salesman in Chicago at WGN-TV. He later worked as a weatherman.

Career

After appearing in a production of The Rainmaker with Burt Reynolds, Urich decided to pursue acting full-time after Reynolds encouraged him to move to Los Angeles.

1970s-1980s

Urich made his television debut in a guest starring role in The F.B.I., in 1972. The following year, he won a lead role in Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice. It was an adaptation of the 1969 film of the same name. It struggled in the ratings and was canceled after six episodes. He made his film debut later that same year opposite Clint Eastwood in the Dirty Harry film Magnum Force playing a vigilante motorcycle-patrol police officer. In 1975, Urich was cast in the action/crime drama series S.W.A.T.. According to the executive producer Aaron Spelling, Burt Reynolds convinced Spelling to allow Urich to read for the part. Spelling was impressed with his reading and cast him in the role of "Officer Jim Street". A mid-season replacement, it earned high enough ratings to warrant a second season. However, it was canceled in 1976 due to its violent content.

Urich's next role was on the sitcom Soap as Peter the Tennis Player in 1977. That same year he was cast as Paul Thurston, a good-looking, ego driven talk show host in the Bewitched spin-off series Tabitha, starring Lisa Hartman. Its rating were initially strong, but schedule changes caused ratings to drop and it was canceled in 1978 after 13 episodes. Shortly after, he was cast in another Aaron Spelling produced series Vega$. He portrayed the series' lead character, Dan Tanna, a private detective who solves crimes in Las Vegas. It was a hit for ABC and he received two Golden Globe Award nominations for his work on it. By the third season, however, he had grown tired of the role and complained about the declining quality of the writing. Ratings had also declined and it was canceled in 1981. Shortly after, he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and decided to focus on his film career. His first film for them was Endangered Species (1982), a science fiction one directed by Alan Rudolph.

Shortly after filming Endangered Species, Urich signed on to star in another series Gavilan. He starred as the title character who was a former CIA agent turned oceanographer. It was canceled after seven episodes. In 1984, he starred in two more films The Ice Pirates, and Wes Craven's Invitation to Hell. The following year, Urich co-starred in Turk 182. It was a box office failure and he was nominated for Golden Raspberry Award. In 1985, Urich returned to episodic television as the title character in Spenser: For Hire. It was another hit for Urich and aired for three seasons. He reprised the role in several television films after it was canceled: Spenser: Ceremony (1993), Spenser: Pale Kings and Princes (1994), Spenser: The Judas Goat (1994), and Spenser: A Savage Place (1995). In 1988, he began hosting the documentary series National Geographic Explorer. He won a CableACE Award for his work on the series. In 1989, he portrayed Jake Spoon, in the acclaimed television miniseries Lonesome Dove, a role for which he received many positive reviews.

1990s–2000s

In the 1990s, Urich mainly appeared in television films and several short-lived television series. From 1990 to 1991, he starred in the sitcom American Dreamer" and the TV movie "((83 Hours 'Til Dawn))." The following year, he starred in Crossroads, a drama series that aired on ABC for ten episodes. In 1993, he and Faye Dunaway starred in the sitcom It Had to Be You. It was critically panned and canceled after four episodes. In 1995, he narrated an extremely rare one-night showing of a Disney television documentary called Alien Encounters: From New Tomorrowland. It has never been shown again. In 1996, he starred in the TNT western series The Lazarus Man. It earned strong enough ratings to be picked up for a second season but shortly after it was renewed, he announced he had been diagnosed with synovial sarcoma. Its production company, Castle Rock Entertainment, opted to cancel it due to that. In 1999, he commented on their choice to do so, "There's really a law against what they did. They found out I had cancer, and they just canceled the show. They didn't ask the doctors if I could work. They didn't ask if I could go back to work." In 2000, he sued them for breach of contract. The lawsuit was later settled with both parties agreeing not to publicly disclose the terms of the settlement. While undergoing cancer treatments, Urich hosted the medical documentary series Vital Signs in 1997 and the PBS series Boatworks. After a year of treatment, he was declared cancer-free and returned to television in 1998 as Captain Jim Kennedy III in Love Boat: The Next Wave. It aired on UPN for two seasons. In 2000, he made his Broadway debut as Billy Flynn in the musical Chicago. and also was in the North American tour of the musical, in 1999 and in 2000. The next year, he costarred in Emeril, a sitcom starring celebrity chef Emeril Lagasse. While it was critically panned, he received good notices for his work on it. It would be his last role in a television series. Urich's final television film, Night of the Wolf, aired on Animal Planet the night before his death.

Marriages and children

Urich's first marriage was to actress Barbara Rucker in 1968. They divorced in 1974. He married actress Heather Menzies in 1975. They adopted three children, Ryan, Emily, and Allison. They remained married until his death in 2002.

Illness and death

In July 1996, Urich announced he had been diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, a rare form of cancer that attacks soft tissue. He continued working while undergoing treatment for his illness and also became an advocate for finding a cure for cancer. He won an award from the John Wayne Cancer Institute and the Gilda Radner Courage Award for his work raising cancer awareness. He and Menzies also founded the Urich Fund for the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center to raise funds for cancer research. He also donated the $125,000 he won when he appeared on an episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He was declared cancer free in 1998. That same year, he was named the national spokesperson for the American Cancer Society.

In November 2001, Urich revealed in an interview that his doctors had discovered lumps in his body but "a wonder drug had cleared them up". The week before his death, he was hospitalized at Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center in Thousand Oaks for breathing problems. He died there on April 16, 2002. His funeral mass was offered on April 19 at St. Charles Borromeo Church in North Hollywood. He was cremated and his ashes were buried on the grounds of his family's vacation home in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada. A monument was placed in the West Lake Church of Christ Cemetery, which is located near the family's vacation home.

Legacy

Before his death, Urich and Menzies helped to raise money for the Eccles Performing Arts Centers at the Park City High School in Park City, Utah. After his death, the school established the Robert Urich Scholarship fund in his honor. In addition, Urich and Menzies established the Robert and Heather Urich Fund for Sarcoma Research at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center. She has also battled cancer and is an ovarian cancer survivor. Menzies continues to work for the center.

Urich's hometown of Toronto, Ohio, named the Robert Urich Interchange in his honor. It connects the town to Ohio State Route 7. For his contribution to the television industry, Urich has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7083 Hollywood Blvd. Until Usher was added, he was the only person with a surname starting with the letter U on there.

Filmography

Actor
2003
A Long Way Home (TV Movie) as
Jack
2002
Night of the Wolf (TV Movie) as
Purly Owens
2002
Clover Bend as
Bill
2002
The President's Man: A Line in the Sand (TV Movie) as
President Adam Mayfield
2001
Late Boomers (TV Movie) as
Dennis
2001
Emeril (TV Series) as
Jerry McKenney
- The Sidekick (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- Halloween (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- The Sopranos Come to Dinner (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- Whose Life Is It Anyway? (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- Blind Dates (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- Fifteen Minutes (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- Fat (2001) - Jerry McKenney
- The Retreat - Jerry McKenney
- Snow Day - Jerry McKenney
- One Man's Cornbread - Jerry McKenney
2001
First Years (TV Series)
- Touched by a Reindeer
2001
For Love of Olivia (TV Movie) as
Horton Roundtree
1999
Miracle on the 17th Green (TV Movie) as
Mitch McKinley
1999
Final Run (TV Movie) as
Glen 'Lucky' Singer
1998
Love Boat: The Next Wave (TV Series) as
Captain Jim Kennedy III / Capt. Jim Kennedy / Captain Jim Kennedy
- Cuba (1999) - Capt. Jim Kennedy
- Prom Queen (1999) - Capt. Jim Kennedy
- About Face (1999) - Capt. Jim Kennedy
- Trances of a Lifetime (1999) - Capt. Jim Kennedy
- Such Sweet Dreams (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Divorce, Downbeat and Distemper (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Three Stages of Love (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Love Floats: The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Other People's Business (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Blind Love (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Don't Judge a Book by Its Lover (1999) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Dust, Lust, Destiny (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Affairs to Remember (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- All That Glitters (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy
- Reunion (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Captains Courageous (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- It Takes Two to Tango (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- All Aboard (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Getting to Know You (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- True Course (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- How Long Has This Been Going On? (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- I Can't Get No Satisfaction (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Remember? (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
- Smooth Sailing (1998) - Captain Jim Kennedy III
1998
Invasion America (TV Series short) as
Briggs
- Flight (1998) - Briggs (voice)
- Assault (1998) - Briggs (voice)
1997
Boatworks (TV Series) as
Host
1997
Final Descent (TV Movie) as
Capt. Glen (Lucky) Singer
1997
Vital Signs (TV Series) as
Host
1997
The Nanny (TV Series) as
Judge Jerry Moran
- Samson, He Denied Her (1997) - Judge Jerry Moran
1996
The Lazarus Man (TV Series) as
Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Tartarus Wheel (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Angel Maker (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Quality of the Enemy (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Dance With Shadows (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Sheriff (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Penance (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Hold-Up (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Killer (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Rescue (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Jehovah and Son, Inc. (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Journal (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Among the Dead (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Catamount (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Wallpaper Prison (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Panorama (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Cattle Drive (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Boy General (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Conspirator (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Purgatory (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- The Palace of Dreams (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Awakening: Part 2 (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
- Awakening: Part 1 (1996) - Lazarus (James Cathcart)
1996
When Animals Attack! (TV Movie documentary) as
Host
1996
The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue (TV Movie) as
Angus Feagan
1996
Captains Courageous (TV Movie) as
Capt. Matthew Troop
1995
Spenser: A Savage Place (TV Movie) as
Spenser
1995
She Stood Alone: The Tailhook Scandal (TV Movie) as
Adm. Williams
1995
A Horse for Danny (TV Movie) as
Eddie Fortuna
1994
Spenser: The Judas Goat (TV Movie) as
Spenser
1994
A Perfect Stranger (TV Movie) as
Alex Hale
1994
To Save the Children (TV Movie) as
Jake Downey
1994
Jock: A True Tale of Friendship as
Rocky Mountain Jack
1994
Spenser: Pale Kings and Princes (TV Movie) as
Spenser
1993
It Had to Be You (TV Series) as
Mitch Quinn
- London Calling (1993) - Mitch Quinn
- Truth or Dare (1993) - Mitch Quinn
- All About Dave (1993) - Mitch Quinn
- Let's Spend Termite Together (1993) - Mitch Quinn
- Long Date's Journey Into Night (1993) - Mitch Quinn
- Pilot (1993) - Mitch Quinn
1993
Spenser: Ceremony (TV Movie) as
Spenser
1992
Crossroads (TV Series) as
Johnny Hawkins
- The Last Roundup (1993) - Johnny Hawkins
- Paradise Found (1993) - Johnny Hawkins
- The Nickel Curve (1993) - Johnny Hawkins
- The Harvest (1993) - Johnny Hawkins
- Survival (1993) - Johnny Hawkins
- Freedom of the Road (1992) - Johnny Hawkins
- Miles Away from Home (1992) - Johnny Hawkins
- Song of the Open Road (1992) - Johnny Hawkins
- Pilot (1992) - Johnny Hawkins
- Amanda - Johnny Hawkins
1993
Deadly Relations (TV Movie) as
Leonard J. Fagot
1993
Evening Shade (TV Series) as
Steve Radford
- Frieda and the Preacher (1993) - Steve Radford
1992
Revolver (TV Movie) as
Nick Suster
1992
Double Edge (TV Movie) as
Harry Carter
1992
Blind Man's Bluff (TV Movie) as
Thomas Booker
1992
Survive the Savage Sea (TV Movie) as
Jack Carpenter
1991
...And Then She Was Gone (TV Movie) as
Jack Bauer
1991
Stranger at My Door (TV Movie) as
Joe Fortier
1990
American Dreamer (TV Series) as
Tom Nash
- They Shoot Ducks, Don't They? (1991) - Tom Nash
- Heartbreak Diner (1991) - Tom Nash
- Papa Joe (1991) - Tom Nash
- Mother Knows Best (1991) - Tom Nash
- Don't Drink the Water (1991) - Tom Nash
- A Face in the Cloud (1990) - Tom Nash
- The Fabulous Baker Girls (1990) - Tom Nash
- In from the Cold: Part 2 (1990) - Tom Nash
- In from the Cold: Part 1 (1990) - Tom Nash
- Divorce, American Dreamer Style (1990) - Tom Nash
- Mr. Wizard (1990) - Tom Nash
- Over the Hill? (1990) - Tom Nash
- Corvette Man (1990) - Tom Nash
- All God's Children Go to Wisconsin (1990) - Tom Nash
- Flight of the Dodo (1990) - Tom Nash
- Guys Just Wanna Have Fun (1990) - Tom Nash
- Pilot (1990) - Tom Nash
1990
Carol & Company (TV Series) as
Mr. Carmen / Bobby
- Teacher, Teacher (1990) - Mr. Carmen
- The Fabulous Bicker Girls (1990) - Bobby
1990
83 Hours 'Til Dawn (TV Movie) as
Bradley Burdock
1990
A Quiet Little Neighborhood, a Perfect Little Murder (TV Movie) as
Ross Pegler
1990
Blind Faith (TV Mini Series) as
Rob Marshall
- Episode #1.2 (1990) - Rob Marshall
- Episode #1.1 (1990) - Rob Marshall
1989
Spooner (TV Movie) as
Harry Spooner / Michael Norlon
1989
Night Walk (TV Movie) as
Simon
1989
Dragon Fight as
Airport Police (as Rob Uhrich)
1989
Murder by Night (TV Movie) as
Allan Strong
1989
Lonesome Dove (TV Mini Series) as
Jake Spoon
- Return (1989) - Jake Spoon (credit only)
- The Plains (1989) - Jake Spoon
- On the Trail (1989) - Jake Spoon
- Leaving (1989) - Jake Spoon
1989
She Knows Too Much (TV Movie) as
Harry
1989
The Comeback (TV Movie) as
Scotty Malloy
1985
Spenser: For Hire (TV Series) as
Spenser
- Haunting (1988) - Spenser
- McAllister (1988) - Spenser
- Hawk's Eyes (1988) - Spenser
- Watercolors (1988) - Spenser
- Company Man (1988) - Spenser
- Substantial Justice (1988) - Spenser
- The Big Fight (1988) - Spenser
- Play It Again, Sammy (1988) - Spenser
- To the End of the Line (1988) - Spenser
- Arthur's Wake (1988) - Spenser
- The Siege (1988) - Spenser
- Skeletons in the Closet (1988) - Spenser
- Child's Play (1987) - Spenser
- Gone Fishin' (1987) - Spenser
- Thanksgiving (1987) - Spenser
- Consilum Abditum (1987) - Spenser
- Sleepless Dream (1987) - Spenser
- On the Night He Was Betrayed (1987) - Spenser
- Heart of the Matter (1987) - Spenser
- My Enemy, My Friend (1987) - Spenser
- Homecoming (1987) - Spenser
- The Song of Orpheus (1987) - Spenser
- The Man Who Wasn't There (1987) - Spenser
- If You Knew Sammy (1987) - Spenser
- The Road Back (1987) - Spenser
- My Brother's Keeper (1987) - Spenser
- One for My Daughter (1987) - Spenser
- Trial and Error (1987) - Spenser
- Mary Hamilton (1987) - Spenser
- Personal Demons (1987) - Spenser
- Murder and Acquisitions (1987) - Spenser
- I Confess (1987) - Spenser
- Among Friends (1987) - Spenser
- The Hopes and Fears (1986) - Spenser
- Shadowsight (1986) - Spenser
- One If by Land, Two If by Sea (1986) - Spenser
- Home Is the Hero (1986) - Spenser
- The Long Hunt (1986) - Spenser
- And Give Up Show Biz? (1986) - Spenser
- Rockabye Baby (1986) - Spenser
- White Knight (1986) - Spenser
- Widow's Walk (1986) - Spenser
- An Eye for an Eye (1986) - Spenser
- Hell Hath No Fury (1986) - Spenser
- Rage (1986) - Spenser
- At the River's Edge (1986) - Spenser
- She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not (1986) - Spenser
- Angel of Desolation (1986) - Spenser
- In a Safe Place (1986) - Spenser
- When Silence Speaks (1986) - Spenser
- Brother to Dragons (1986) - Spenser
- A Madness Most Discreet (1986) - Spenser
- A Day's Wages (1986) - Spenser
- Death by Design (1986) - Spenser
- Internal Affairs (1985) - Spenser
- Resurrection (1985) - Spenser
- Blood Money (1985) - Spenser
- Autumn Thieves (1985) - Spenser
- The Killer Within (1985) - Spenser
- Discord in a Minor (1985) - Spenser
- Original Sin (1985) - Spenser
- Children of a Tempest Storm (1985) - Spenser
- The Choice (1985) - Spenser
- No Room at the Inn (1985) - Spenser
- Promised Land/Pilot (1985) - Spenser
1988
April Morning (TV Movie) as
Joseph Simmons
1988
Cheers (TV Series) as
Robert Ulrich
- Woody for Hire, Meets Norman of the Apes (1988) - Robert Ulrich
1987
Amerika (TV Mini Series) as
Peter Bradford
- Part VII (1987) - Peter Bradford
- Part VI (1987)
- Part V (1987) - Peter Bradford
- Part IV (1987) - Peter Bradford
- Part III (1987) - Peter Bradford
- Part II (1987) - Peter Bradford
- Part I (1987) - Peter Bradford
1986
The Magical World of Disney (TV Series) as
Michael Riley (40)
- Young Again (1986) - Michael Riley (40)
1986
The Defiant Ones (TV Movie) as
Johnny 'Joker' Johnson
1985
Turk 182 as
Terry Lynch
1985
Scandal Sheet (TV Movie) as
Ben Rowan
1984
His Mistress (TV Movie) as
Allen Beck
1984
Mistral's Daughter (TV Mini Series) as
Jason Darcy
- Episode #1.3 (1984) - Jason Darcy
- Episode #1.2 (1984) - Jason Darcy
- Episode #1.1 (1984) - Jason Darcy
1984
Invitation to Hell (TV Movie) as
Matt Winslow
1984
The Ice Pirates as
Jason
1983
Princess Daisy (TV Mini Series) as
Patrick Shannon
1982
Gavilan (TV Series) as
Robert Gavilan
- The Midas Keys (1983) - Robert Gavilan
- The Guns of Harry August (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- Best Friend Money Can Buy (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- Destination Hero (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- A Drop in the Ocean (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- The Hydra (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- A Matter of Geography (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- By the Sword (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- Pirates (1982) - Robert Gavilan
- Sarah and the Buzz (1982) - Robert Gavilan
1982
Take Your Best Shot (TV Movie) as
Jess Marriner
1982
Endangered Species as
Ruben Castle
1981
Killing at Hell's Gate (TV Movie) as
Charles Duke
1978
Vega$ (TV Series) as
Dan Tanna
- Nightmare Come True (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Judgment Pronounced (1981) - Dan Tanna
- French Twist (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Dead Ringer (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Seek and Destroy (1981) - Dan Tanna
- The Killing (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Set Up (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Out of Sight (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Time Bomb (1981) - Dan Tanna
- No Way to Treat a Victim (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Heist (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Backlash (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Murder by Mirrors (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Sourdough Suite (1981) - Dan Tanna
- The Andreas Addiction (1981) - Dan Tanna
- Christmas Story (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Deadly Blessings (1980) - Dan Tanna
- A Deadly Victim (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Love Affair (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Sudden Death (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Black Cat Killer (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Aloha, You're Dead: Part 2 (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Aloha, You're Dead: Part 1 (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Vendetta (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Siege of the Desert Inn (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Golden Gate Cop Killer: Part 2 (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Golden Gate Cop Killer: Part 1 (1980) - Dan Tanna
- The Man Who Was Twice (1980) - Dan Tanna
- The Hunter Hunted (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Consortium (1980) - Dan Tanna
- The Lido Girls (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Magic Sister Slayings (1980) - Dan Tanna
- All Kinds of Love (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Casualty of War (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Lost Monday (1980) - Dan Tanna
- The Private Eye Connection (1980) - Dan Tanna
- Classic Connection (1979) - Dan Tanna
- The Day the Gambling Stopped (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Macho Murders (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Dan Tanna Is Dead (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Shadow on a Star (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Design for Death (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Runaway (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Mixed Blessings (1979) - Dan Tanna
- The Usurper (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Red Handed (1979) - Dan Tanna
- The Visitor (1979) - Dan Tanna
- The Way to Live (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Touch of Death (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Doubtful Target (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Demand and Supply (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Everything I Touch (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Best Friends (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Death Mountain (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Kill Dan Tanna! (1979) - Dan Tanna
- The Eleventh Event (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Ghost of the Ripper (1979) - Dan Tanna
- Second Stanza (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Serve, Volley and Kill (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Lost Women (1978) - Dan Tanna
- The Pageant (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Milliken's Stash (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Lady Ice (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Yes, My Darling Daughter (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Love, Laugh and Die (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Mother Mishkin (1978) - Dan Tanna
- The Games Girls Play (1978) - Dan Tanna
- Centerfold (1978) - Dan Tanna
- High Roller (1978) - Dan Tanna
1980
Fighting Back: The Story of Rocky Bleier (TV Movie) as
Rocky Bleier
1980
The Shadow Box (TV Movie)(uncredited)
1979
When She Was Bad... (TV Movie) as
Bob Morgan
1977
The Love Boat (TV Series) as
Larry Hartman / Scott Desmond / Jeff Smith
- El Kid/The Last Hundred Bucks/Isosceles Triangle (1978) - Larry Hartman
- Taking Sides/Going by the Book/A Friendly Little Game (1978) - Scott Desmond (as Bob Urich)
- Dear Beverly/The Strike/Special Delivery (1977) - Jeff Smith (as Bob Urich)
1978
Charlie's Angels (TV Series) as
Dan Tana
- Angels in Vegas (1978) - Dan Tana
1978
Leave Yesterday Behind (TV Movie) as
David Lyle
1977
Tabitha (TV Series) as
Paul Thurston
- Tabitha's Party (1978) - Paul Thurston
- Paul Goes to New York (1978) - Paul Thurston
- What's Wrong with Mister Right? (1977) - Paul Thurston
- That New Black Magic (1977) - Paul Thurston
- Tabitha's Triangle (1977) - Paul Thurston
- Arrival of Nancy (1977) - Paul Thurston
- Mr. Nice Guy (1977) - Paul Thurston
- Minerva Goes Straight (1977) - Paul Thurston
- A Star Is Born (1977) - Paul Thurston
- Halloween Show (1977) - Paul Thurston
- Tabitha's Weighty Problem (1977) - Paul Thurston
- The Pilot (1977) - Paul Thurston
1977
Bunco (TV Movie) as
Walker
1977
Soap (TV Series) as
Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.12 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.11 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.5 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.4 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.3 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.2 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- Episode #1.1 (1977) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'
1975
S.W.A.T. (TV Series) as
Officer Jim Street
- Officer Luca, You're Dead (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Dangerous Memories (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Soldier on the Hill (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Any Second Now (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Dragons and Owls (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- The Chinese Connection (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Deadly Weapons (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Lessons in Fear (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- The Running Man: Part 2 (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- The Running Man: Part 1 (1976) - Officer Jim Street
- Silent Night, Deadly Night (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Murder by Fire (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Terror Ship (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- The Swinger (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Strike Force (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Ordeal (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Courthouse (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Vigilante (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Criss-Cross (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- The Vendetta (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Time Bomb (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Dealers in Death (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Kill S.W.A.T. (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Deadly Tide: Part 2 (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Deadly Tide: Part 1 (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Sole Survivor (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Blind Man's Bluff (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Omega One (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- The Steel-Plated Security Blanket (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- The Bravo Enigma (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Death Score (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Jungle War (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Hit Men (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Pressure Cooker (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- Death Carrier (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- A Coven of Killers (1975) - Officer Jim Street
- The Killing Ground (1975) - Officer Jim Street
1975
Gunsmoke (TV Series) as
Manolo Etchahoun
- Manolo (1975) - Manolo Etchahoun
1975
The Specialists (TV Movie) as
Dr. William Nugent (as Robert York)
1974
Nakia (TV Series)
- A Beginning in the Wilderness (1974)
1974
Killdozer (TV Movie) as
McCarthy
1973
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (TV Series) as
Bob Sanders
- Walk a Mile in My Clogs (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Such Good Friends (1973) - Bob Sanders
- My Butcher Is a Thief (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Inadmissable Evidence (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Double, Double, Doyle & Trouble (1973) - Bob Sanders
- The Bare Truth Hurts (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Nobody Wants to Talk About It (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Open Marriage/Closed Mind (1973) - Bob Sanders
- I'm Not Jealous-Only Curious (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Pilot (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Alice's Wild Oat (1973) - Bob Sanders
- Can I Help It If She's Crazy About Me? (1973) - Bob Sanders
1973
Marcus Welby, M.D. (TV Series) as
Mike Lowry
- Death Is Only a Side Effect (1973) - Mike Lowry
1973
Magnum Force as
Officer Grimes
1973
Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law (TV Series) as
Gavin Cord
- A Girl Named Tham (1973) - Gavin Cord
1973
Kung Fu (TV Series) as
Greg Dundee
- Blood Brother (1973) - Greg Dundee
1972
The F.B.I. (TV Series) as
Davie Stroud
- The Runner (1972) - Davie Stroud
Producer
1999
Miracle on the 17th Green (TV Movie) (executive producer)
1994
Spenser: Pale Kings and Princes (TV Movie) (co-executive producer)
1992
Blind Man's Bluff (TV Movie) (co-producer)
1986
The Defiant Ones (TV Movie) (co-producer)
Writer
1980
Vega$ (TV Series) (story - 1 episode)
- Christmas Story (1980) - (story)
Soundtrack
2001
Emeril (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- Halloween (2001) - (performer: "Margaritaville")
- The Sopranos Come to Dinner (2001) - (performer: "Our Love Is Here to Stay")
1986
The Defiant Ones (TV Movie) (performer: "There's a Man Going Round Takin' Names" - uncredited)
1979
Merry Christmas from the Grand Ole Opry (TV Special) (performer: "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day")
Miscellaneous
1996
Close Call: Cheating Death (TV Movie documentary) (narrator)
Self
2003
9th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards (TV Special) as
Self - In Memoriam
2002
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (TV Series) as
Self - Contestant
- Stars of Aaron Spelling Productions, Show 1: Stephen Collins/Robert Urich/Shari Belafonte (2002) - Self - Contestant
2001
Dirty Harry: The Original (Video documentary short) as
Self / Host
2001
The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 1 October 2001 (2001) - Self
2000
The Ultimate Auction (TV Special) as
Self
1999
Active Living (TV Series) as
Self - Host
- Be courteous to everyone (2000) - Self - Host
- Eating a nutritious diet (2000) - Self - Host
- Air out your room (2000) - Self - Host
- Eat lots of greens (2000) - Self - Host
- Our Grandchildren (2000) - Self - Host
- Our Children (2000) - Self - Host
- Keep a check on mental (2000) - Self - Host
- No Smoking (2000) - Self - Host
- Exercising regularly (2000) - Self - Host
- Do something healthy (2000) - Self - Host
- Drink water (2000) - Self - Host
- Switch to low-fat (2000) - Self - Host
- Get enough sleep (2000) - Self - Host
- Eat Plenty of Vegetables (2000) - Self - Host
- Physically Active (2000) - Self - Host
- Friendly Attitude (2000) - Self - Host
- Adhering to a routine (2000) - Self - Host
- Being Organized (2000) - Self - Host
- Conserving Resources (2000) - Self - Host
- Limiting Screen Time (2000) - Self - Host
- Playing outdoors (2000) - Self - Host
- Saving Money (2000) - Self - Host
- Stay Sober (2000) - Self - Host
- Good Sleep (2000) - Self - Host
- Measure and watch (2000) - Self - Host
- Gardening (2000) - Self - Host
- Prevent Obesity (2000) - Self - Host
- Physical Activity (2000) - Self - Host
- Friends (2000) - Self - Host
- Our Kids (2000) - Self - Host
- Riding a bike (2000) - Self - Host
- Eating Health Every Morning (2000) - Self - Host
- Vacations (2000) - Self - Host
- Golf (2000) - Self - Host
- Reduce Sitting (1999) - Self - Host
- Multivitamin (1999) - Self - Host
- your Weight (1999) - Self - Host
- Create a desk exercise (1999) - Self - Host
- Move more each hour (1999) - Self - Host
- Track your steps (1999) - Self - Host
- Yoga at lunch (1999) - Self - Host
- The Kids (1999) - Self - Host
- Stairs instead of the elevator (1999) - Self - Host
- Daily Activities (1999) - Self - Host
- Staying Active Everyday (1999) - Self - Host
- Good Habits (1999) - Self - Host
- Health Choices (1999) - Self - Host
- Traveling (1999) - Self - Host
- Into our 90s (1999) - Self - Host
- Into our 80s (1999) - Self - Host
- Exercise (1999) - Self - Host
- Estate Planning (1999) - Self - Host
- Financials (1999) - Self - Host
- Tennis anyone (1999) - Self - Host
- Falling Down (1999) - Self - Host
- Walking every day (1999) - Self - Host
- The club (1999) - Self - Host
- Home Systems (1999) - Self - Host
- Novartis (1999) - Self - Host
- The doctor (1999) - Self - Host
- Our eye sight (1999) - Self - Host
- Eating Habits (1999) - Self - Host
- Activities (1999) - Self - Host
- Researching (1999) - Self - Host
- Staying active (1999) - Self - Host
- Our Age (1999) - Self - Host
- Your Health (1999) - Self - Host
1996
Late Night with Conan O'Brien (TV Series) as
Self - Guest
- Angelina Jolie/Upright Citizens Brigade/Robert Urich (2000) - Self - Guest
- Halle Berry/Robert Urich/Todd Snider (1998) - Self - Guest
- Richard Jeni/Robert Urich/Tori Amos (1996) - Self - Guest
1999
Building Pyramids (TV Movie documentary) as
Host / Narrator
1999
Intimate Portrait (TV Series documentary) as
Narrator
- Lindsay Wagner (1999) - Narrator (voice)
1998
The Rosie O'Donnell Show (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 13 April 1998 (1998) - Self
1997
Death Rituals (TV Movie documentary) as
Self / Host
1997
Vital Signs (TV Series) as
Self - Host
- Fighting Back (1997) - Self - Host
- Saving Hope (1997) - Self - Host
- Gut Feeling (1997) - Self - Host
- A Helping Hand (1997) - Self - Host
- Life or Death (1997) - Self - Host
- Minutes to Choose (1997) - Self - Host
1997
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #5.38 (1997) - Self
1997
3rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards (TV Special) as
Self
1997
When Animals Attack 3 (TV Movie documentary) as
Self
1996
When Animals Attack 2 (TV Movie documentary) as
Self
1996
The Hidden Secrets of Magic (TV Movie documentary) as
Self - Host
1996
Live with Kelly and Mark (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #8.175 (1996) - Self
1995
Alien Encounters from New Tomorrowland (TV Movie documentary) as
Self - Host
1995
Houdini: Unlocking His Secrets (TV Movie documentary) as
Robert Urich (Host)
1986
National Geographic Explorer (TV Series documentary) as
Host / Host- narrator / Self - Host / ...
- Animal Minds (1995) - Host- narrator
- Antarctica: Life in the Freezer (1994) - Self - Host
- U-Boats: Terror on Our Shores (1991) - Host
- Search for the Battleship Bismarck (1989) - Host
- Humpbacks of Hawaii (1986) - Narrator
1994
The World's Greatest Magic (TV Special) as
Host
1994
Todays Health (TV Series) as
Self - Host
1993
Cuba's Lost Treasure (TV Movie documentary) as
Self - Host
1993
A Musical Christmas at Walt Disney World (TV Special) as
Host
1993
Late Show with David Letterman (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 21 September 1993 (1993) - Self
1993
The 14th Annual CableACE Awards (TV Special) as
Self
1992
The Bat, the Cat, and the Penguin (TV Movie documentary) as
Self - Host
1991
One on One with John Tesh (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #1.59 (1991) - Self
1991
An Evening at the Improv (TV Series) as
Self - Host
- Episode #8.7 (1991) - Self - Host
1991
The 17th Annual People's Choice Awards (TV Special) as
Self - Presenter
1978
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (TV Series) as
Self - Guest / Self
- Jay Leno (guest host), Robert Urich, Louie Anderson, Edie McClurg, Indigo Girls (1991) - Self - Guest
- Episode #29.17 (1990) - Self - Guest
- Jay Leno (guest host)/Robert Urich/Carol Kane/Jimmy Brogan/Mr. Rogers (1989) - Self - Guest
- Episode dated 18 October 1982 (1982) - Self
- Episode dated 20 November 1978 (1978) - Self - Guest
1991
The 48th Annual Golden Globe Awards 1991 (TV Special) as
Self - Presenter
1985
Late Night with David Letterman (TV Series) as
Self - Guest / Self
- Episode dated 22 November 1990 (1990) - Self - Guest
- Episode #4.10 (1985) - Self
1990
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (TV Special) as
Self
1990
Circus of the Stars #15 (TV Special documentary) as
Self - Ringmaster
1990
The Pat Sajak Show (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #1.251 (1990) - Self
1989
All-Star Tribute to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (TV Special) as
Self
1989
The Arsenio Hall Show (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #1.139 (1989) - Self
1987
The Ultimate Stuntman: A Tribute to Dar Robinson (TV Movie documentary) as
Self
1986
Today (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 6 January 1986 (1986) - Self
1978
Good Morning America (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 20 September 1985 (1985) - Self
- Episode dated 23 November 1978 (1978) - Self
1985
The ABC All-Star Spectacular (TV Special) as
Self - Actor
1985
Night of 100 Stars II (TV Special) as
Self
1984
The Funniest Joke I Ever Heard (TV Movie) as
Self - Host
1984
Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (TV Series documentary) as
Self
- Episode dated 10 November 1984 (1984) - Self
1984
Breakaway (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #1.128 (1984) - Self
1980
Hour Magazine (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 7 December 1983 (1983) - Self
- Episode dated 1 October 1980 (1980) - Self
1983
The Rodney Dangerfield Special: I Can't Take It No More (TV Special) as
Self / Various
1983
The 40th Annual Golden Globe Awards 1983 (TV Special) as
Self
1983
Tom Cottle: Up Close (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #1.83 (1983) - Self
1982
Saturday Night Live (TV Series) as
Self - Host / Various
- Robert Urich/Mink DeVille (1982) - Self - Host / Various (as Burt Reynolds)
1982
The 24th Annual TV Week Logie Awards (TV Special) as
Self
1982
The Billy Crystal Comedy Hour (TV Series) as
Self - Guest
- Episode #1.2 (1982) - Self - Guest
1981
All-Star Comedy Birthday Party from West Point (TV Special) as
Self
1981
Battle of the Network Stars X (TV Special) as
Self - ABC Team Captain
1981
Sixty Years of Seduction (TV Movie documentary) as
Self - Presenter
1977
The Merv Griffin Show (TV Series) as
Self - Guest / Self
- Episode dated 30 March 1981 (1981) - Self - Guest
- Episode dated 19 October 1977 (1977) - Self
1981
The Midnight Special (TV Series)
- Episode #9.25 (1981)
1981
The 38th Annual Golden Globe Awards (TV Special) as
Self - Nominee
1981
Bob Hope's 30th Anniversary Special (TV Special) as
Self
1980
Merry Christmas from the Grand Ole Opry (TV Special) as
Self - Host
1980
Bob Hope for President (TV Special) as
Self
1980
Bob Hope in the Starmakers (TV Special) as
Self - Ace Robbins
1980
The 37th Annual Golden Globe Awards (TV Special) as
Self - Nominee
1979
A Christmas Special... With Love, Mac Davis (TV Special) as
Self
1979
Merry Christmas from the Grand Ole Opry (TV Special) as
Self - Host
1978
The Mike Douglas Show (TV Series) as
Self - Co-Host / Self - Actor
- Episode #19.28 (1979) - Self - Actor
- Episode #18.155 (1979) - Self - Co-Host
- Episode #18.154 (1979) - Self - Co-Host
- Episode #18.153 (1979) - Self - Co-Host
- Episode #18.152 (1979) - Self - Co-Host
- Episode #18.151 (1979) - Self - Co-Host
- Episode #18.86 (1979) - Self - Actor
- Episode #18.66 (1979) - Self - Co-Host
- Episode #18.37 (1978) - Self - Actor
- Episode #17.201 (1978) - Self - Actor
1979
The 31st Annual Primetime Emmy Awards (TV Special) as
Self - Presenter
1979
The Television Annual: 1978/1979 (TV Movie documentary) as
Self
1977
The $10,000 Pyramid (TV Series) as
Self - Celebrity Contestant
1979
Battle of the Network Stars VI (TV Special) as
Self - ABC Team
1979
Password Plus (TV Series) as
Self - Celebrity Contestant
- Episode dated 27 April 1979 (1979) - Self - Celebrity Contestant
- Episode dated 26 April 1979 (1979) - Self - Celebrity Contestant
- Episode dated 25 April 1979 (1979) - Self - Celebrity Contestant
- Episode dated 24 April 1979 (1979) - Self - Celebrity Contestant
- Episode dated 23 April 1979 (1979) - Self - Celebrity Contestant
1979
Paul Lynde at the Movies (TV Special) as
Self
1979
The 5th Annual People's Choice Awards (TV Special) as
Self - Nominee & Presenter
1979
Everyday (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 27 February 1979 (1979) - Self
1979
The $25,000 Pyramid (TV Series) as
Self - Celebrity Contestant
- Episode dated 3 February 1979 (1979) - Self - Celebrity Contestant
1978
Battle of the Network Stars V (TV Special) as
Self - ABC Team
1977
The Alan Hamel Show (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 26 January 1978 (1978) - Self
- Episode dated 14 December 1977 (1977) - Self
1977
The Riddlers (TV Special) as
Self
1977
Get Rich Quick! (TV Special short) as
Self - Panelist
1976
The Cross-Wits (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode dated 1 September 1977 (1977) - Self
- Episode dated 15 November 1976 (1976) - Self
- Episode dated 1 November 1976 (1976) - Self
1975
Tattletales (TV Series) as
Self
- Patti Deutsch & Donald Ross, George & Robin Savalas, Robert Urich & Heather Menzies (1977) - Self
- Episode #3.51 (1975) - Self (as Robert & Heather)
- Episode #3.50 (1975) - Self (as Robert & Heather)
- Episode #3.49 (1975) - Self (as Robert & Heather)
- Episode #3.48 (1975) - Self (as Robert & Heather)
- Episode #3.47 (1975) - Self (as Robert & Heather)
1976
Dinah! (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #2.204 (1976) - Self
1975
Showoffs (TV Series) as
Self
- Robert Urich/Tina Cole/Greg Morris/Vicki Lawrence (1975) - Self
1975
Rhyme and Reason (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #1.111 (1975) - Self
1975
Match Game (TV Series) as
Self - Panelist
- Episode #3.177 (1975) - Self - Panelist
- Episode #3.176 (1975) - Self - Panelist
- Episode #3.175 (1975) - Self - Panelist
- Episode #3.174 (1975) - Self - Panelist
- Episode #3.173 (1975) - Self - Panelist
Archive Footage
1989
Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) as
Self
- Episode #36.250 (2017) - Self
- Episode dated 27 January 1989 (1989) - Self
2007
La tele de tu vida (TV Series) as
Officer Jim Street
- Episode #1.23 (2007) - Officer Jim Street
2004
The Best TV Shows That Never Were (TV Special documentary) as
Walker
2003
The 75th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) as
Self - Memorial Tribute
1978
Soap (TV Series) as
Peter 'The Tennis Player'
- The Best of Soap: Who Killed Peter? (1978) - Peter 'The Tennis Player'

References

Robert Urich Wikipedia