October 1915

October 1, 1915 (Friday)

Broward County, Florida was established with is county seat in Fort Lauderdale.

Henry Ford Hospital was officially opened to patients in Detroit.

Harcum College was founded as Harcum Post Graduate School in Philadelphia as university-preparatory school for young women but quickly grew to enrolling both women and men for junior-level college courses within five years. The college now enrolls 1,600 students annually in two-year college programs.

Franz Kafka's novella The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung) was first published in the German monthly magazine Die Weißen Blätter.

Born: Skeets McDonald, American country music singer, best known for the country music hit "Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes", in Greenway, Arkansas (d. 1968)

October 2, 1915 (Saturday)

An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 struck Pleasant Valley in north-central Nevada, the strongest ever recorded in that state. Fortunately, the epicenter was in an isolated area, resulting in some building damage in nearby communities but no injuries.

The soccer stadium Riggs Field was dedicated at Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina. It is the home stadium for the Clemson Tigers.

The American Civil War Ox Hill Battlefield Park was officially established when monuments were erected for Union Army generals Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny, who were both killed in the Battle of Chantilly on September 1, 1862.

Born: Chuck Williams, cookbook author, founder of kitchenware retailer Williams-Sonoma and author of over 100 cookbooks, in Jacksonville, Florida (d. 2015)

Died: Russell Alexander, entertainer and composer, specialized in vaudeville orchestrations (b. 1877)

October 3, 1915 (Sunday)

Second Battle of Champagne — French General Joseph Joffre suspended the offensive to break the German line at Champagne, France and ordered a battle of attrition that lasted five weeks.

Action of the Hohenzollern Redoubt — German forces successfully recaptured most of the lost ground on Hohenzollern Redoubt from the British. The area was an important defensive position for the Germans on the Western Front.

Japanese battleships Kongō and Hiei shelled and sunk the crippled Imperial Japanese Navy ship Iki (formally the Russian battleship Imperator Nikolai I which the Japanese captured in 1905). Iki had been inoperative as a vessel after it bad been struck on May 1.

Born: William Hawrelak, Canadian politician, 24th Mayor of Edmonton, in Shandro, Alberta (d. 1975); Hameed Nizami, Indian journalist and political activist, founder of the Nawa-i-Waqt Urdu-language newspaper, in Sangla Hill, British India (d. 1962)

Died: John P. Elkin, American judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1905 to 1915 (b. 1860)

October 4, 1915 (Monday)

The Dinosaur National Monument was established in the Uinta Mountains that border between Colorado and Utah to protest some 800 sites in that area.

The Arrowrock Dam was dedicated and opened for operation on the Boise River in Idaho. At 350 feet (110 m), it was the tallest dam in the world and would hold the record for nine years until the completion of the Schräh dam in Switzerland in 1924, which had a height of 111.6 m (366 ft).

Born: Beverly Loraine Greene, American architect, first African American woman licensed as an architect in the United States, noted works include the 1956 UNESCO United Nations Headquarters in Paris, in Chicago (d. 1957); Silvina Bullrich, Argentine writer, author of Bodas de cristal and other fiction and non-fiction, in Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 1990)

Died: Karl Staaff, Swedish politician, Prime Minister of Sweden from 1905 to 1906 and 1911 to 1914 (b. 1860)

October 5, 1915 (Tuesday)

The first annual Hopkinton State Fair was held in Contoocook, New Hampshire, earning a net profit of $5 over two days. It became one of New England's most famous fair events and the largest in New Hampshire. The fair expanded to thee days in 1921 and in 1980 was scheduled to fall on Labor Day weekend.

Died: Otto Malling, Danish composer, created organ music compositions and served as Director of the Royal Danish Academy of Music from 1899 to 1915 (b. 1848); Lina Beecher, American engineer, inventor of the looping roller coaster including the Loop the Loop in Olentangy Park, Columbus, Ohio (b. 1841)

October 6, 1915 (Wednesday)

Combined Austro-Hungarian and German forces under command of August von Mackensen launched a new offensive against Serbia.

Born: Ralph Tyler Smith, American politician, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1969 to 1970, in Granite City, Illinois (d. 1972); Humberto Sousa Medeiros, Portuguese American clergy, Archbishop of Boston from 1970 to 1983, in Arrifes, São Miguel Island, Azores (d. 1983)

October 7, 1915 (Thursday)

The Central Powers launched a second invasion of Serbia.

A massive fire destroyed the Chinatown in Walnut Grove, California, forcing many of the Chinese immigrants to relocate to Locke, California an unincorporated community in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta.

The Tennessee Ornithological Society was founded in Nashville.

Born: Harry J. Boyle, Canadian broadcaster and writer, chairman of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission from 1975 to 1977, recipient of the Order of Canada, in St. Augustine, Ontario (d. 2005); Charles Templeton, Canadian religious leader, co-founder of Youth for Christ, in Toronto (d. 2001); Walter Keane, American painter and plagiarist, plagiarized the work of his wife Margaret Keane, in Lincoln, Nebraska (d. 2000)

October 8, 1915 (Friday)

Action of the Hohenzollern Redoubt — Five German regiments attempted to recapture the remaining ground around Hohenzollern Redoubt from the British, but foggy conditions and inaccurate artillery barrages proved inadequate in forcing defending British and French troops from giving up their positions. The Germans suffered 3,000 casualties.

Battle of Loos - Apart from continued fighting at Hohenzollern Redoubt, the overall British offense faltered due to lack of ammunition, equipment and fresh reinforcements to replenish exhausted units. The British suffered 59,247 casualties, the most of any battle they fought on the Western Front that year. The Germans suffered 51,100 casualties.

No. 26 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was established in Netheravon, England from personnel of the South African Air Corps.

British destroyer HMS Mary Rose was launched by Swan Hunter at Wallsend, England. It would be sunk two years later by German naval ships.

The Dothan Opera House opened in Dothan, Alabama. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Born: Luna Leopold, American engineer, leading researcher on water management, son of Aldo Leopold, in Albuquerque, New Mexico (d. 2006); Ellis Paul Torrance, American psychologist, developer of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, in Milledgeville, Georgia (d. 2003)

Died: E. Phillips Fox, Australian painter, member of the Heidelberg School which promoted impressionism in Australia (b. 1865); James Edwin Robertson, Canadian politician, Senator for Prince Edward Island from 1902 to 1915 (b. 1840)

October 9, 1915 (Saturday)

The Central Powers captured Belgrade.

Second Battle of Jaunde — French and British forces began a second campaign to capture the German colonial capital of Jaunde in Kamerun, Africa.

British destroyer HMS Nestor was launched by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan, Scotland to serve with the Grand Fleet. She as sunk during the Battle of Jutland the following year.

British naval ship HMS Moth was launched by the Sunderland Shipbuilding Company in Sunderland, England, and was used for naval operations in the Middle East throughout World War One.

Schoellkopf Field opened at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The playing field was named after the late Henry Schoellkopf, football player and head head coach for the Cornell Big Red football team.

Australian poet C. J. Dennis's verse novel The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke was published in book form in Sydney. It originally appeared in serial form in the magazine The Bulletin between 1909 and 1915.

Born: Henner Henkel, German tennis player, men's singles winner of the 1937 French Championships, in Posen, German Empire (now Poznań, Poland) (d. 1942); Clifford M. Hardin, American politician, United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1969 to 1971, in Knightstown, Indiana (d. 2010)

Died: Stephen Tingley, Canadian pioneer, founder of Barnard's Express which served British Columbia interior from 1860 to 1920 (b. 1839)

October 10, 1915 (Sunday)

Twenty-six men left Gilgandra, New South Wales on the Cooee March; the first of the World War I Snowball marches. At each town on the route they shouted "cooee" to attract recruits; the march arrived in Sydney on November 12 with 263 recruits.

The German Club in Sydney, Australia was targeted by anti-German sentiment when an editorial in The Mirror of Australia reported that the German club was being used to house Germans who had been rejected from other hotels within the city: "Why should the members of these institutions be permitted the slightest consideration whilst their countrymen are committing outrages in the highways and byways of Europe?".

Odds BK beat Kvik Halden FK 2-1 in the final of the 1915 Norwegian Football Cup in front of a crowd of 6,000 spectators at Sarpsborg Stadion in Sarpsborg, Norway.

Born: Sweets Edison, jazz musician, trumpeter for the Count Basie Orchestra, in Columbus, Ohio (d. 1999); Bill Chadwick, American hockey referee, first US-born referee to serve in the National Hockey League, in New York City (d. 2009)

Died: Albert Cashier, Irish-American soldier, fought with Union Army during the American Civil War, physically female, but lived as a man (b. 1843)

October 11, 1915 (Monday)

Gallipoli Campaign — With Allied and Ottoman forces at a stalemate on the Gallipoli Peninsula, the commanding officer staff began discussion of evacuating troops from the beachheads.

The second Neutral Socialist Conference was held in Copenhagen for the socialist parties active in the Scandinavian countries.

The No. 31 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was established in Farnborough, Hampshire, England.

Metamora Township High School was opened for public students in Metamora, Illinois.

Born: T. Llew Jones, Welsh children's author and poet, prolific creator of children's literature in the Welsh language, two-time recipient of the Tir na n-Og Award, in Pentrecwrt, Wales (d. 2009); Marion Parker, her abduction and murder at age 12 started the largest manhunt in California during the 1920s, in Sebastian County, Arkansas (d. 1927)

Died: Abigail Scott Duniway, American political activist, major leader of women's suffrage in the United States (b. 1834); Jean Henri Fabre, French entomologist, known for his extensive collections of accurate descriptions and illustrations of insects (b. 1823); Paul Eyschen, Luxembourgish statesman, 8th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b. 1841)

October 12, 1915 (Tuesday)

British nurse Edith Cavell was executed by a German firing squad for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium.

Mathias Mongenast became the 9th Prime Minister of Luxembourg after Paul Eyschen died in office. His term would be short, covering 25 days before he was succeeded by Hubert Loutsch.

Born: Tony Rafty, Australian caricaturist, created caricatures for Olympic athletes from 1948 to 1996, in Paddington, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2015)

October 13, 1915 (Wednesday)

Action of the Hohenzollern Redoubt — British forces made one final attack to regain Hohenzollern Redoubt but did not have enough hand grenades to destroy all German defenses positions, resulting in 3,643 casualties for the British.

After a five-week hiatus, German airships resumed raids against Great Britain, as five German Navy Zeppelins attempted to bomb London. Royal Flying Corps pilot John Slessor, flying a B.E.2c, intercepted one of the airships over London, becoming the first airman to do so over England. However, the other four Zeppelins scattered their bombs over various towns and the countryside, killing 71 people and injuring 128 in one of the deadliest airship attacks in World War One.

The Boston Red Sox defeated the Philadelphia Phillies to win the 1915 World Series by 4 games to 1.

The association football club Sölvesborgs GoIF was established in Sölvesborg, Sweden.

The first edition of the Yiddish daily newspaper Flugblat was published in Vilna, Lithuania.

Born: Terry Frost, English artist, specialized in abstract art, artist in residence and professor of painting at the Department of Fine Art of the University of Reading in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England (d. 2003); Ricco Wassmer, Swiss painter, developer of magic realism in painting, in Allschwil, Switzerland (d. 1972)

Born: W. Robert Parks, American academic, 11th president of Iowa State University (d. 2003); Frederick Rosier, British air force officer, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order for action for action in North Africa during World War Two, in Wrexham, England (d. 1998)

Died: Charles Sorley, British poet, author of the poetry collection Marlborough and Other Poems, killed in action during the Battle of Loos (b. 1895)

October 14, 1915 (Thursday)

Bulgaria officially entered World War One by allying with Austria-Hungary and Germany and declaring war on Serbia.

Morava Offensive — The Bulgarian First Army of 195,620 soldiers under command of Lieutenant General Kliment Boyadzhiev attempted to break through the Serbian line from Leskovac to Negotin, Serbia, held by an estimated 90,000 troops with the Second Serbian Army.

Ovče Pole Offensive — The Bulgarian Second Army of 100,247 soldiers under the command of Lieutenant General Georgi Todorov attempted to capture the Vardar river valley in Macedonia (then under Serbian control) to cut off the vital railway linking Skopje with Thesaloniki to prevent the Serbian Army from being resupplied and reinforced by the Allied Expeditionary Force.

The Imperial Russian Navy Black Sea Fleet raided Varna, Bulgaria, employing a seaplane carrier-battleship force.

The Caledonian Curling Club was established in Regina, Saskatchewan.

Fraternal Day was established as a state holiday in Alabama.

Born: Loris Francesco Capovilla, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, personal secretary to Pope John XXIII from 1958 to 1963 (d. 2016); Arthur I. Appleton, American business executive and horse breeder, founder of Bridlewood Farm in Ocala, Florida which over 90 stakes winners including Southern Image and David Junior, in Chicago (d. 2008); Jean Gillie, British actress, known for roles in films The Saint Meets the Tiger and The Macomber Affair, in London (d. 1949)

October 15, 1915 (Friday)

Great Britain declared war on Bulgaria.

Battle of Krivolak — To counter Central Powers invasion into Serbia, French and British forces under joint command of French General Maurice Sarrail and British General Bryan Mahon were mobilized from Salonika in Serbian-controlled Macedonia.

Gallipoli Campaign — General Ian Hamilton was relieved of command of Allied forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula.

Orville Wright sold the Wright Company, which he had founded in 1909 with his late brother Wilbur Wright, to a group of New York investors.

Detective Story Magazine was first published by Street & Smith of New York as a successor to Nick Carter Stories.

Born: Mordechai Gifter, American rabbi, rosh yeshiva (dean) for Telshe yeshiva (Rabbinical College of Telshe) in Cleveland, in Portsmouth, Virginia (d. 2001)

Died: Theodor Boveri, German biologist, published the theory cancer is caused by abnormal cellular growth (b. 1862); John A. Millar, New Zealand politician, served as Minister of Railways from 1908 to 1912 (b. 1855); Lucy Lambert Hale, American socialite, daughter of U.S. Senator John Parker Hale, notoriously connected to presidential assassin John Wilkes Booth (b. 1841)

October 16, 1915 (Saturday)

France declared war on Bulgaria.

Battle of Krivolak — French forces occupied the Gevgelija and Strumica rail stations in Serbian-controlled Vardar Macedonia.

Born: Warren M. Anderson, American politician, member of the New York State Senate from 1953 to 1989, in Bainbridge, New York (d. 2007); Nancy Bird Walton, Australian aviator, founder of the Australian Women Pilots' Association, in Kew, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2009)

Died: James Isbister, Canadian Métis leader, founder of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (b. 1833)

October 17, 1915 (Sunday)

Born: Arthur Miller, American playwright, author of Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, third husband to Marilyn Monroe, in New York City (d. 2005); Mike Sandlock, American baseball player, catcher for the Boston Braves, Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1942 to 1953, in Old Greenwich, Connecticut (d. 2016)

October 18, 1915 (Monday)

Third Battle of the Isonzo — Italy launched attacks to capture bridgeheads at Bovec and Tolmin along the Isonzo River (now Soča) in Austria-Hungary (now part of Slovenia).

Vaudeville star Valeska Suratt made her film debut in the crime drama The Soul of Broadway, directed by Herbert Brenon and released through Fox Film. It was the first of 11 pictures she did, showcasing her as the "vamp". Supposedly in the film, Suratt wore 150 gowns, supposedly driving the film's budget up to $25,000. The film, along with all her others, were destroyed in 1937 when the Fox Film storage facility in New Jersey caught fire.

The short story "The Little Governess" by Katherine Mansfield was published in the literary magazine Signature under the pen name of Matilda Berry, and later reprinted in Bliss and Other Stories.

Died: Karl Eugen Neumann, Austrian translator, translated the Pāli Canon of Buddhist scriptures from Pali to German (b. 1865)

October 19, 1915 (Tuesday)

Russia and Italy declared war on Bulgaria.

Mexican Revolution — The United States recognized the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza as the de facto regime.

The classic thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan was first published in book form by William Blackwood and Sons in Edinburgh, after appearing as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine. The novel marked the first appearance of British spy Richard Hannay and became a very popular novel for soldiers to read in the trenches

Died: Neil McLeod, Canadian politician, 5th Premier of Prince Edward Island (b. 1842); Joseph McCoy, American cattle breeder, promoted the transport of Texas Longhorn from Texas to eastern United States (b. 1837); Christian Wilhelm Allers, German painter, known for his naturalist paintings and sketches of German urban life (b. 1857)

October 20, 1915 (Wednesday)

General elections were held in South Africa with Louis Botha of the South African Party winning the majority but with fewer seats in the House of Assembly of South Africa than in the previous election.

Battle of Krivolak — French forces reached the town of Krivolak on the Vardar river in Vardar Macedonia, while the British positioned defenses at a mountain pass near Kosturino and Lake Doiran.

Women in the British Commonwealth were officially permitted to act as bus and tram conductors for the duration of World War One, although many had been employed in Glasgow and other cities since April.

October 21, 1915 (Thursday)

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway with a second round of voting held from November 4 to 11.

Battle of Krivolak — A Bulgarian regiment marching from Bulgarian-controlled Strumica towards the Strumica rail station in Serbian territory unexpectedly encountered occupying French forces and were repulsed.

Ojo de Agua Raid — The United States Army and the Mexican Seditionistas clashed for a final time at the border town of Ojo de Agua, Texas. A team of 22 U.S. cavalrymen and eight infantry barricaded in a single building and fought off a mounted Mexican unit between 25 and 100 men before reinforcements arrived. The American sustained 12 casualties, with 4 killed and 8 wounded. The Mexican force had 7 killed and at least 9 wounded. The battle ended further attempts of the Plan of San Diego to disrupt the border area as the U.S. Government sent large groups of soldiers into Texas to discourage further border attacks.

The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) held their first annual meeting outside the American South, in San Francisco. Historian General of the UDC, Mildred Rutherford addressed the gathering on the "Historical Sins of Omission & Commission" of Yankee historians.

Born: Oliver Payne Pearson, American biologist, curator of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at University of California, Berkeley, in Philadelphia (d. 2003)

October 22, 1915 (Friday)

Second Battle of Champagne — French General Joseph Joffre declared a "moral victory" by inflicting major casualties on the German lines and exhausting defending units, even though no strategic objectives were reach due to lack of artillery. Joffre ordered a base level of offensive operations to keep the Germans reallocating military resources to the Eastern Front while a new strategy was formulated.

Bulgarian forces crossed the South Morava River and near Vranje, Serbia and cut off the Serbian Army from the rest of the Allied forces in the south near the Greek border.

The association football club Luleå SK was established in Luleå, Sweden.

Born: Yitzhak Shamir, Russian-Israeli politician, 7th Prime Minister of Israel, in Ruzhany, Russian Empire (d. 2012); J. Stuart Wetmore, Canadian-American clergy, founding director of the Council of Churches of the City of New York from 1960 to 1988, in Hampton, New Brunswick (d. 1999)

Died: Adèle Isaac, French opera singer, lead performer at the Opéra-Comique in Paris from 1873 to 1884 (b. 1854)

October 23, 1915 (Saturday)

Torpedoing of the armored cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901) resulted in only three men being rescued from a crew of 675, the greatest single loss of life for the Imperial German Navy in the Baltic Sea during World War One.

British troopship Marquette was torpedoed and sunk in the Aegean Sea 36 nautical miles (67 km) south of Salonica, Greece by German submarine SM U-35 with the loss of 167 lives.

Parkway Theatre in Baltimore opened as movie house with a screening of Zaza starring Pauline Frederick. The theater closed in 1978 but Johns Hopkins University in 2012 began supporting restoration of the building, with a schedule to re-open in 2017.

Born: Shin Hyun-joon, South Korean general, first commander of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (d. 2007)

Died: W. G. Grace, English cricketer, considered one of the best founding players of the sport with a record 44 seasons from 1865 to 1908 (b. 1848)[ Tom Gracie, Scottish association football player, leading scorer for the Scottish Football League 1914-15 season with the Heart of Midlothian F.C. (b. 1889)

October 24, 1915 (Sunday)

Morava Offensive — The Bulgarian First Army managed to break through the Serbian line at Pirot in southeastern Serbia, forcing defending forces to retreat to Timok. The Bulgarians seized Veles and Kumanovo, cutting off the retreating Serbs from French allies.

Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner of Egypt sent a letter to Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca confirming there was general British support to the Arab leader's early request to aide an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire and creating an independent Arab state.

Battle of Fort Dipitie — A force of 400 rebel Haitians attacked a U.S. Marines patrol of 41 men under command of Smedley Butler, resulting in an overnight gun battle where the Marines' superior marksmanship kept the smaller group from being overrun. As a result, Butler was awarded the Medal Of Honor along with Daniel Daly, a previous Medal of Honor recipient for action during the Boxer Rebellion, and officers Edward Albert Ostermann and William P. Upshur (four of the six Medal of Honor awards given during the U.S. occupation of Haiti.

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition — After a month being by ice on all sides, the hull of the polar exploration ship Endurance was breached on the starboard side and water poured in. The crew transferred supplies and three lifeboats onto the ice while other tried to pump water out of the hull.

A naval bombardment by Austro-Hungarian forces destroyed Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's frescos, Translation of the House of Loreto, in the Church of the Scalzi in Venice.

Laois beat Cork 6-2 and 4-1 respectively in the 1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final in Croke Park, Dublin.

Born: Bob Kane, American comic book artist and writer, creator of Batman, in New York City (d. 1998); Marghanita Laski, English biographer, novelist and broadcaster, author of Little Boy Lost, in Manchester (d. 1988); Chet Adams, American football player, played tackle for the Cleveland Rams and Cleveland Browns from 1939 to 1948, in Cleveland (d. 1990)

Born: Roger Milliken, American business executive, president and CEO of Milliken & Company from 1947 to 2005, in New York City (d. 2010); Johan Hambro, Norwegian journalist, member of the Norwegian News Agency and secretary general of the Norse Federation, in Oslo (d. 1993)

Died: Désiré Charnay, French archaeologist of Central America, pioneer of the use of photography in archaeology work (b. 1828)

October 25, 1915 (Monday)

Battle of Fort Dipitie — U.S. Marines captured a major rebel stronghold in Haiti. The rebels sustained 75 casualties while only one Marine was wounded.

British destroyer HMS Velox struck a mine and sank in the English Channel with the loss of four of her crew.

Lyda Conley became the first American Indian woman to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States as a lawyer.

The Belgium monarchy created the military decoration Croix de guerre for combatant showing bravery or virtue on the battlefield during World War One.

Born: Tommy Prince, Canadian soldier, member of the First Special Service Force, recipient of the Military Medal and most decorated First Nations soldier of World War Two, in Brokenhead Ojibway Nation in Manitoba (d. 1977); Olga Bogaevskaya, Russian artist, member of the Leningrad Union of Artists, in Petrograd, Russian Empire (d. 2000)

Died: James Martin, Australian soldier, youngest Australian to die in World War One at age 14, during the Gallipoli Campaign (b. 1901)

October 26, 1915 (Tuesday)

Born: Lindsay Pryor, Australian botanist, leading researcher of the Eucalyptus plant species indigenous to Australia, in Moonta, South Australia (d. 1998); Jack Mabley, American journalist, columnist for the Chicago American, Chicago Tribune and Daily Herald, in Binghamton, New York (d. 2006)

Died: August Bungert, German composer and poet, known for major works such as the operas Aurora and the four-part epic Homerische Welt (b. 1845)

October 27, 1915 (Wednesday)

Billy Hughes became the 7th Prime Minister of Australia and the first to serve consecutive terms in office.

Battle of Krivolak — French forces in Vardar Macedonia established a bridgehead around Karahojali east of Vardar River, covering a 15 miles (24 km) line between the towns of Gradec and Krivolak.

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition — Despite best efforts of the crew to repair and hull and pump water out of the polar exploration ship Endurance, expedition leader Ernest Shackleton declared the ship too far gone to save and ordered the crew to abandon it.

Seal Beach, California was incorporated.

Born: Leo Nott, Australian politician, member of the Parliament of New South Wales from 1953 to 1973, in Dunedoo, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1992)

October 28, 1915 (Thursday)

Royal Navy ship HMS Sarnia accidentally ran into one of its one minesweeper ships in the Dardanelles, killing 154 crewmen.

Gallipoli Campaign — Lieutenant-general Charles Monro arrived at Gallipoli Peninsula to take charge of the campaign.

A fire at St. John's School in Peabody, Massachusetts claimed the lives of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 17.

British cruiser HMS Argyll cruiser ran aground on Inchcape, Forfarshire, England and was wrecked.

Richard Strauss's symphonic poem An Alpine Symphony (Eine Alpensinfonie) premiered at the Dresden Hofkapelle in Berlin, with Strauss conducting.

Died: Thomas Buxton, Australian statesman, 13th Governor of South Australia (b. 1837)

October 29, 1915 (Friday)

Media companies Vitagraph Studios and the Hearst Corporation partnered to Hearst-Vitagraph News Pictorial, which provided newsreels and animated shorts for movie theaters. It was only in business for a short time and folded within a year.

Born: William Berenberg, American physician, pioneer in the treatment and rehabilitation from cerebral palsy, in Haverhill, Massachusetts (d. 2005); Thad Hutcheson, American lawyer, advocate for the establishment of the two-party system in the United States Government, in Houston (d. 1986); Dennis Brookes, English cricketer, member of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club from 1934 to 1959, in Leeds (d. 2006)

Died: John Wolcott Stewart, American politician, 33rd Governor of Vermont (b. 1825)

October 30, 1915 (Saturday)

The French submarine Turquoise was captured by the Ottoman Empire, allowing them to gain valuable intelligence of Allied operations in the region.

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition — With the polar exploration ship Endurance now sinking, expedition leader Ernest Shackleton ordered the crew to make a march towards Paulet Island, which he calculated was 346 miles from the wreck, where a food depot from a previous Antarctic expedition had been created.

German battleship SMS Baden, the last ship of its kind to the built for the German Imperial Navy, was launched at Schichau-Werke in Danzig, Germany. Two sister ships, Sachsen and Württemberg, were not completed by the end of World War One and were subsequently scrapped.

Born: Jane Randolph, American actress, best known for her roles in the Val Lewton produced horror series Cat People and The Curse of the Cat People, in Youngstown, Ohio (d. 2009); Hugh Reilly, best known for the role of Paul Martin in the 1950s TV series Lassie, in Newark, New Jersey (d. 1998); Sylvia Wald, American artist, member of the Abstract Expressionism movement, in New York City (d. 2011)

Born: Verne Winchell, American business executive, founder of Winchell's Donuts and chairman and CEO of the Denny's restaurant chain from 1970 to 1980, in Bloomington, Illinois (d. 2002); W. Rae Young, American electronics engineer, one of the Nokia Bell Labs members that helped invent the mobile phone (d. 2008)

Died: Charles Tupper, Canadian statesman, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia and 6th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1821)

October 31, 1915 (Sunday)

British destroyer HMS Louis was shelled and sunk in Suvla Bay by Turkish coastal artillery.

The women's sorority Lambda Omega was founded on the campus of University of California, Berkeley. It remained an active national collegiate until 1933 when it and Alpha Sigma Delta were absorbed into Theta Upsilon in 1933.

Carmen, directed by Cecil B. Demille, premiered with opera singer Geraldine Farrar making her screen debut as the title character. The film proved so popular Charlie Chaplin parodied it a month later.

Born: Jane Jarvis, American jazz pianist and composer, producer and programming executive for Muzak, in Vincennes, Indiana (d. 2010); James Patrick Sutton, American politician, U.S. Representative from Tennessee from 1949 to 1955, in Wartrace, Tennessee (d. 2005); James Wechsler, American journalist, columnist editor for the New York Post, in New York City (d. 1983)

Died: Blanche Walsh, American stage actress, best known for her stage performances in The Woman in the Case and stage adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's novel Resurrection (b. 1873)