Absolute block signallingA British signalling scheme designed to ensure the safe operation of a railway by allowing only one train to occupy a defined section of track (block) at a time
Adhesion railwayThe most common type of railway, where power is applied by driving some or all of the wheels of the
locomotiveAdhesive weightThe weight on the driving wheels of a locomotive, which determines the frictional grip between wheels and rail, and hence the drawbar pull which a locomotive can exert
Air brakeA power braking system with compressed air as the operating medium
Alerter or watchdogSimilar to the
dead man's switch other than it does not require the operator's constant interaction. Instead, an alarm is sounded at a preset interval in which the operator must respond by pressing a button to reset the alarm and timer if no other controls are operated. If the operator does not respond within a preset time, the
prime mover is automatically throttled back to idle and the brakes are automatically applied.
All weather adhesionThe adhesion available during traction mode with 99% reliability in all weather conditions
AlternatorAn electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of
alternating currentAmerican Locomotive Company (ALCO)The second largest builder of steam locomotives in the United States
American typeA
steam locomotive with a
4-4-0 wheel arrangement
Angle cockA valve affixed to each end of a piece of
rolling stock that, when opened, admits compressed air to the brake pipe (or vents it to the atmosphere if air hose is detached)
Arch tubesTubes connected to the water-space of the boiler provided in and across the firebox in order to add extra high-temperature heating surface. They also serve to support the brick arch or equivalent.
Articulated locomotiveA steam locomotive with one or more engine units that can move relative to the main
frameArticulationThe sharing of one truck by adjacent ends of two rail vehicles
AshpanA feature of a locomotive which has the same form and purpose as the domestic variety (i.e. to collect the ashes which fall through the bars of the grate). The only significant difference is the size, measured in feet rather than inches.
AsynchronousAn alternating current
electric motor whose speed varies with load and has no fixed relation to the frequency of the supply
Atlantic typeA steam locomotive with a
4-4-2 wheel arrangement
Automatic block signaling (ABS)A system that consists of a series of signals that divide a railway line into a series of blocks and then functions to control the movement of trains between them through automatic signals
Automatic train control (ATC)A general class of train protection systems for railways that involves a speed control mechanism in response to external inputs
Automatic train operation (ATO)An operational safety enhancement device used to help automate operations of trains
Automatic train protection (ATP)Either of two implementations of a train protection system installed in some trains in order to help prevent collisions through a driver's failure to observe a signal or speed restriction
Autotrain, push-pull trainA
branch-line train consisting of a steam locomotive and passenger carriages that can be driven from either end by means of rodding to the regulator and an additional
vacuum brake valve. The fireman remains with the locomotive and, when the driver is at the other end, the fireman controls the
cut off and vacuum ejectors in addition to his usual duties.
Axlebox or axle boxThe housing that holds the axle bearings of a locomotiveThe housing attaching the end of the axle to the bogie which contains the bearing allowing the axle to rotate. See also
journal box below.
Bad orderA tag or note applied to a defective piece of equipment. Generally, equipment tagged as bad order is not to be used until repairs are performed and the equipment is inspected and approved for use.
Bail offTo release the locomotive brakes while the train brakes are being applied in order to permit smoother handling and prevent excessive slack, wheel slide and
flat wheelsBalancingThe reciprocation and revolving masses of any steam, diesel or
electric locomotive need balancing, if it is to work smoothly. Revolving masses can easily be balanced by counterweights, but the balancing of reciprocating parts is a matter of compromise and judgement.
BallastAggregate stone, gravel, or cinders forming the track bed on which sleepers (ties) and track are laid to ensure stability and proper drainage
Ballast tamperSee
Tamping machine.
BalloonA looped length of track, usually at the end of a
spur or
branch, which allows trains to turn around for the return trip without reversing or shunting. Can be used as part of a freight installation to allow the loading or unloading of bulk materials without the need to stop the train (see
merry-go-round train (MGR)).
Bay platformA
platform and track arrangement where the train pulls into a
siding, or dead-end, when serving the platform
BeepA one-of-a-kind
switcher locomotive (also referred to as the SWBLW) built by the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1970
BellmouthA widening of an underground rail tunnel, in preparation for future connection or expansion of service. Used particularly in subway nomenclature.
Berkshire typeA steam locomotive with a
2-8-4 wheel arrangement
BlastpipeA part of a steam locomotive that discharges exhaust steam from the cylinders into the smokebox beneath the chimney in order to increase the draught through the fire
Bo-Bo (Europe)A locomotive with a four-wheel per truck configuration, each individually powered, as opposed to a six-wheel "Co-Co" configuration.
BoilerA cylindrical container adjacent to the
firebox in which steam is produced to drive a steam locomotive
BolsterA transverse floating beam member of a truck suspension system supporting the weight of a vehicle body
Boom barrierA pivoted road barrier at a
level crossingBooster engineAn extra set of cylinders that can be engaged on a steam locomotive to drive a trailing truck or
tender truck to give additional tractive effort at starting and low speeds
Brakeman's cabin or brakeman's cabA small hut at one end of a railway wagon to protect the brakeman from the elements
Brake pipeThe main air pipe of a train's air brake system
Branch lineA secondary railway line that splits off from a main line
Brick archA brick or concrete baffle provided at the front of a locomotive firebox below the tubes, in order to extend the flame path. Early locomotives burned coke; provision of a brick arch was necessary before coal could be used without producing excessive smoke.
British Rail Universal Trolley Equipment (BRUTE)A type of platform trolley found on stations all over the UK rail network from the late 1960s to the early 1980s
Broad gaugeTrack where the rails are spaced more widely apart than
1,435 mm (
4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (which is called standard gauge). Many early railroads were broad
gauge, for example the Great Western Railway in the UK which adopted
7 ft (
2,134 mm) gauge until it was converted to
standard gauge in the 1860s - 1890s. Russia still has over 80,000 km (50,000 mi) of broad gauge (
1,520 mm (
4 ft 11 27⁄32 in)) railroads. Broad
gauge is also normal in Spain and Portugal (
1,668 mm (
5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) Iberian gauge), in India (
1,676 mm (
5 ft 6 in) Indian gauge), as well as Ireland and used in some parts of Australia (
1,600 mm (
5 ft 3 in) Irish gauge).
Bubble carA nickname for a
British Rail Class 121 railcarBuckeye couplerA side-operated version of the top- or bottom-operated
Janney couplerBufferA device that cushions the ends of rail vehicles against each other
Buffer stop or bumper postThe barrier installed at the end of a dead-end track to prevent rail vehicles from proceeding further
Builder's plateThe
nameplate fitted by their manufacturer to locomotives and items of rolling stock
Bulkhead flatcarAn open-top flatcar with a wall at each end
BungalowThe housing for signals and communications computers that control switches, crossings, and other such controls, relaying information to and from the RTC (rail traffic control).
BustitutionA portmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", the practice of replacing a train service with one provided by buses, whether as a temporary or a permanent measure
CabThe control room of a locomotive housing the engine crew and their control consoles
Cab forwardA steam locomotive with its cab at the leading end of the boiler, rather than the usual trailing end adjacent to the tender. The best known example is the Southern Pacific Railroad's AC type, built to handle drag freights through the SP's many tunnels and snow sheds without the danger of the exhaust asphyxiating the engine crew.
CablessA locomotive without a cab. Commonly referred to as a
B unit or a
Slug, although not all
Slugs are cabless.
CabooseA railroad car attached usually to the end of a train, in which railroad workers could ride and monitor track and rolling stock conditions. Largely obsolete, having been replaced by the electronic
end-of-train device (ETD), or flashing rear-end device (FRED).
CantThe angle of an individual rail relative to vertical (e.g. around curves)
Carbody unitA locomotive which derives its structural strength from a bridge-truss design framework in the sides and roof, which cover the full width of the locomotive
CatenaryThe overhead wire system used to send electricity to an electric locomotive or
multiple unit,
tram or light rail vehicle
CenterbeamA bulkhead flatcar with a braced beam bisecting its length, used to transport lumber products
Challenger typeA steam locomotive with a
4-6-6-4 wheel arrangement
Co-Co (EU)A heavier duty locomotive with six wheels per bogie (all axles being separately driven) configuration as opposed to a four-wheel "Bo-Bo" configuration. The correct classification is Co'Co', but Co-Co is used more often.
Coal pusherA steam-operated device in the tender intended to push coal forward to a point where it can be shovelled directly into the fire
Colour light signalA signal in which the colour of the light determines the meaning of the aspect shown
Colour position signalA signaling system that uses both colour and light position to determine the meaning of the aspect shown
Combined power handleA handle or
lever which controls both the
throttle and the
dynamic braking on the locomotive: on a desktop-type
control stand, forward (away from operator) past center operates the dynamic brake, backward (toward operator), past center, is throttle up
Compound locomotiveA steam locomotive passing steam through two sets of cylinders. One set uses high pressure steam, then passes the low pressure exhausted steam to the second.
Consolidation typeA steam locomotive with a
2-8-0 wheel arrangement
Container on flat car (COFC)The loading of a shipping container onto a simple flat car
Continuous welded rail (CWR)A form of track in which the rails are welded together by utilising the
thermite reaction or flash butt welding to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres long
Control carA passenger coach which has a full set of train controls at one end, allowing for the use of push-pull train operation
Coupler pulling faces, length overEffective length of piece of rolling stock
Coupling rodsRods between crank pins on the wheels, transferring power from a driving axle to a driven axle of a locomotive
Covered goods wagon (UIC)A type of rolling stock with a flat bottom enclosed on all sides and top, which is loaded and unloaded from sliding doors on each side
Cow-calf or cow and calfA
diesel locomotive with a crew cab permanently coupled to and acting as a controller for a similar slave diesel locomotive without a crew cab, primarily used for switching/shunting duties for large groups of rolling stock. Also known as
master and slave, as in the British Rail Class 13 shunters at Tinsley Marshalling Yard.
Crank pinA pin protruding from a wheel into a main or
coupling rod
CrossheadIn a steam locomotive, the moving member of a sliding guide which absorbs upward and downward forces from the connecting (main) rod, which otherwise would tend to bend the piston rod
CutTo uncouple one or more cars from a train (i.e. to "make a cut")Same as "cutting"
Cut leverA manual lever which releases the pin of an automatic coupler when pulled to separate cars or locomotives
Cut offA variable device on steam locomotives which closes the steam valve to the steam cylinder before the end of the piston stroke, thus conserving steam while allowing the steam in the cylinder to expand under its own energy. See also: Reverser handle.
CuttingA channel dug through a hillside to enable rail track to maintain a shallow gradient. See also
embankment.
Cycle brakingMaking repeated service brake reductions in short succession to maintain a constant speed on short but steep grades. Each reduction must be at least 5 PSI lower than the previous one in order to keep the brakes applying regularly, but excessive cycle braking can deplete the air supply and require an emergency application.
CylinderA cavity in a reciprocating engine in which a piston travels
Cylinder cockOn steam locomotives, this appurtenance allows condensed water to be drained from the steam cylinders when the throttle is opened, thus preventing damage to the pistons, running gear, and cylinder heads
Dark signalA block signal that is displaying no discernible aspect, often due to burned out lamps or local power failure. Most railroads require that a dark signal be treated as displaying its most restrictive aspect (e.g. stop and stay for an absolute signal).
Dark territoryA section of track without block signals
Dead man's handleA safety mechanism on a train controller which automatically applies the brake if a lever is released. It is intended to stop a train if the driver is incapacitated. In some forms, this device may be pedal-actuated. See also Dead-man's vigilance device.
Decapod typeA steam locomotive with a
2-10-0 wheel arrangement
Defect detectorA track side device used to detect various defects such as hotboxes (overheated axle bearings), dragging equipment, leaning cars, overloaded cars, overheight cars, seized (locked) wheels, etc.
DemurrageA monetary charge levied by a railroad to a customer for excessive delay in loading or unloading cars
Derail or derailerA safety device that will derail vehicles passing it, often used to prevent rolling stock from unintentionally entering the mainline from a siding
DetonatorSmall explosive charges placed on the running rail which detonate when run over—used to warn drivers in following trains of an incident ahead
DiamondTrack which allows a rail line to cross another at grade
Diesel multiple unit (DMU)A set of diesel-powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets. Such units, especially those consisting of a single vehicle, are sometimes termed
railcars.
Direct traffic control (DTC)A system in which
train dispatchers communicate directly with train crews via radio to authorize track occupancy in predefined blocks
Distributed powerA practice employed to move large trains through the mountains. Consists of the locomotives on the head end, a "swing" (mid-train) helper or two, and pusher locomotive(s) on the rear; today, all units are remotely controlled by the engineer in the lead unit. The power distribution alleviates stress on the couplers and relieves the lead units of the full weight of the train, making it easier to move on grades.
Ditch lightsA pair of lights, usually found on modern locomotives, located several feet below and outboard of the main headlight, that may alternately flash when the train is sounding its
hornDivisionThe trackage area under the jurisdiction of a railway superintendent
Dog or dogspike (India)A spike with a slightly altered head shape for easier extraction when the spike has become too loose in the sleeper
DoodlebugA self-powered gasoline-electric passenger car used for small capacity rural commuter service. Also a
British Rail Class 153 DMU.
DoubleIf a train has insufficient power to climb a grade and no helpers are available, the train will be split into two sections and run separately to the top.
Double headingA configuration in which two steam locomotives are coupled head-to-tail in order to haul a heavy train up a long or steep hill. In the present day, double heading (and occasionally triple heading) are done primarily on large passenger trains or as a show for railfans.
DragA long, heavy freight train moving at low speed
Dragging equipment detectorSee
Defect detector.
DrawbarThe part of a coupler that attaches to the frame of the car or locomotive; may be equipped with a pneumatic cushion depending on a freight car's design cargo (e.g. an
autorack). Alternately, the pinned double bars coupling a steam locomotive to its tender.
Driver or engine driverThe operator of a locomotive
Driver only operation (DO or DOO)Operation of a train by the engineer or driver only. Also known as one person train operation (OPTO)
DriverA wheel in contact with the rail that also propels a locomotive
Dwarf signalA signal light that is considerably smaller and closer to the ground than a high-mast signal; often absolute, and placed within
interlocking limits, its aspects tend to differ from those conveyed by a taller signal for certain indications. Also called 'pot' or 'jack'.
Dynamic brakingThe use of a traction motors' output, working as generators, to retard train speed without relying solely on the air brakes
EjectorA component of
vacuum brake system usually fitted in pairs. Steam passing through a cone sucks air from the train pipe to create the vacuum.A small ejector running continuously to overcome leaks and to restore the vacuum after light braking and a large ejector operated when needed to release the brakes quickly after a heavy application or to create the initial vacuum after coupling
Electric multiple unit (EMU)A set of electrically powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets
Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD)The world's second largest builder of railroad locomotives. EMD was previously
Electro-Motive Division of
General Motors before being sold.
Elevated railway, el, or LA railway built on supports over city streets
EmbankmentA bank, usually of earth but sometimes of stone, constructed to form a level or minimally graded trackbed for a line of railway needing to pass over a depression in the terrain or other pre-existing surface feature. See also
cutting.
Empty coaching stock (ECS)A train used to bring carriages into (or out of) service. They usually run between sidings and main stations, with the carriages then forming a service train to another destination. They are often worked under freight train rules (e.g. without needing a guard in the UK).
End-cab switcherA switching locomotive with no
short hood, thus having its cab forming one end of its carbody
Equalizing reservoirA small air reservoir in a locomotive control stand. When the automatic brake valve is operated, this reservoir responds by reducing or increasing the air pressure in the
brake pipe.
Event recorderA device that continuously captures analog and digital train systems information and stores that data for a minimum of 48 hours. This data is used to evaluate incidents and accidents. Typical stored data includes speed, brake pressure, dynamic brake, horn activation, track signal, etc. In the U.S., event recorders are mandated by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) for freight, passenger and commuter rail. Regulations for railroad outside the U.S. vary by country. Transit operations are not generally required to have event recorders, but have begun to add them voluntarily.
Express trainA train that passes selected stations without stopping
ExtraA train not included in the normal schedule of a railroad They often run during busy holiday travel periods in order to handle larger crowds and reduce the number of passengers that are forced to stand or are stranded at a station. In train order territory, extras are required to clear the main line for scheduled trains to pass.
FacingA turnout that can select which way to diverge a train—the opposite of trailing
FairlieA type of
articulated locomotive, typically (but not exclusively) with two
boilers and connected fireboxes in a central cab
Fall plateA heavy, hinged steel plate attached in a horizontal position to the rear of the locomotive
footplate or front of a locomotive tender. When the tender is attached to its locomotive the plate is allowed to fall to cover the gap in the "floor" between the two units. The sliding edge is not fixed and has a smooth
chamfer so as to avoid a trip hazard.
Feedwater heaterA device to preheat the water for a steam locomotive to improve efficiency
Feed valve or regulating valveA valve which controls the amount of air pressure being channelled from the locomotive's main reservoir to the brake pipe, in accordance with the set pressure in the equalizing reservoir
Fiddle yardIn railway modelling, a concealed group of sidings used to provide more realistic operation in a limited space
FireboxIn steam locomotives, a chamber in which a fire is made to produce sufficient heat to create steam once the hot gases created there are carried into the adjacent boiler via tubes or flues
Fireman, stoker, or boilermanA worker whose primary job is to shovel coal into the firebox and ensure that the boiler maintains sufficient steam pressure
FlatA wheel defect where the tread of a wheel has a flat spot and is no longer round; flats can be heard as regular clicking or banging noises when the wheel passes by. This is caused either by a locked bearing, or a brake that was not fully released before the car was moved, dragging the wheel without turning.
Flying junction or flyoverA railway junction that has a track configuration in which merging or crossing railroad lines provide track connections with each other without requiring trains to cross in front of opposing traffic on the same level
Fouling pointThe point of a
switch turnout where a car or locomotive on one track will obstruct movement on the adjacent track
Four-quadrant gateA type of boom barrier
Free-moA type of modular layout in model railroading
Freight wagon (UIC)A rail vehicle designed for the carriage of freight
Full service reductionThe maximum air pressure that can be exerted against brake pistons in a normal brake application. To increase pressure beyond this point, the brakes must be placed in emergency.
FuseeA pyrotechnic device similar to an automotive flare that is used in signalling
Fusible plugA threaded plug, with a soft metal core, that is screwed into the crown plate of a firebox. If the water level gets too low the core melts and the noise of the escaping steam warns the enginemen.
GarrattA type of steam locomotive that is
articulated into three parts
GaugeThe width between the inner faces of the rails
GeepAny of the GP ("general-purpose") series of Electro-Motive four-axle diesel locomotives; originally applied only to
EMD GP7,
GP9, and
GP18 models
Generator fieldThe control switch of a diesel-electric locomotive that opens or closes the circuit between the main generator and the traction motors
Get a knuckleTo break a train in two, usually by shearing the knuckle pin in a coupler, often caused by the application of excessive head end power at startup
GEVOA nickname for
General Electric's
Evolution series of modern diesel locomotives
Gladhand connectorA quick coupling and uncoupling connector at the end of a trainline air hose that resembles a pair of shaking hands when hoses are connected
Go-devilA hand-powered railroad car (see
Handcar and
Draisine), or a small gasoline powered railroad car
Grab bar or grab ironA handle on the side of a car to allow switching personnel to hold on
GreenA colour associated with go or proceed
Harmonic rock or harmonic rock and rollThe condition of locomotives and cars swaying in opposite directions when traversing depressions on the roadbed. A potentially dangerous condition that can cause coupler damage, lading damage, or derailments at slower speeds.
Head-end power (HEP)A scheme whereby the locomotive engine or a separate generator provides hotel power to carriages
HeadboardA sign attached to a locomotive to identify a named train or charter, or for other special occasions
HeadstockA transverse structural member located at the extreme end of a rail vehicle's
underframe. The headstock supports the coupling at that end of the vehicle, and may also support buffers, in which case it may also be known as a "buffer beam".
Heavy haulHeavy freight operations
High railThe upper rail in a curve or superelevation which typically experiences the higher lateral loads and greater wear
HoleA passing siding. Inferior trains "lay over in the hole" to let superior ones pass.
Home signalSee absolute signal.
Horn blocksPlates lining the axlebox cut-outs in a locomotive frame to allow smooth vertical movement under control of the springs
HostlingThe action of shuttling a locomotive from the yard to the engine house or vice versa
HotboxAn axle bearing that has become excessively hot due to
frictionHotbox detectorA device attached to the track which monitors passing trains for hot axles, and then reports the results via a radio transmission (typical in the US) or a circuit to the signal box (typical in the UK). See
defect detector.
Hudson typeA steam locomotive with a
4-6-4 wheel arrangement
HumpA raised section in a rail sorting yard that allows operators to use gravity to move freight railcars into the proper position within the yard when making up trains of cars. This is faster and requires less effort than moving cars with a switching engine.
HuntingSwaying motion of a railway vehicle or bogie caused by the coning action on which the directional stability of an adhesion railway depends. The truck or bogie wanders from side to side between the rails, "hunting" for the optimum location based on the forces at play.
Independent brake or locomotive brakeThe braking system that applies or releases the brakes of a locomotive independently from its train
Infill station or in-fill stationA
train station built on an existing passenger line to address demand in a location between existing stations
InjectorA device to force water into a steam locomotive's boiler by steam pressure
Insulated rail joint (IRJ) or insulated block joint (IBJ)Rail joints incorporating insulation to isolate individual track circuits
InterchangeAny track or yard where rail cars are transferred from one carrier to another
Intermodal freightMoving goods by more than one type of vehicle. Intermodal freight can be transported using shipping containers which can easily be transferred among railroad
flatcars, ships, airplanes, and tractor-trailer trucks.
Intermodal passenger transportMoving people by more than one type of vehicle
Island platformA
railway platform that has tracks along the full lengths of both sides
Joint bar or rail joinerA metal plate that joins the ends of rails in jointed track
Jointed trackTrack in which the rails are laid in lengths of around 20 m and bolted to each other end-to-end by means of fishplates or joint bars
Journal bearingA bearing without
rolling elements; a plain bearing
Journal boxThe housing of a journal bearing
Jubilee typeA steam locomotive with a
4-4-4 wheel arrangement
JunctionA point at which two lines or separate routes diverge from each other
KeeperA padlock or hook securing the lever of a hand-operated switch, thereby preventing the switch points from moving as rolling stock passes over them
KickTo shove a car a short distance and uncouple it in motion, allowing it to roll free under gravity and/or its own inertia onto a track. Commonly practiced in bowl or hump yards to make up or break down trains or classify large numbers of cars in an expedient fashion. Differs from a flying switch in that the locomotive is pushing the car rather than pulling it when the cut is made.
KickerA freight car with a defect in its brake valve that causes the entire train's brake system to go into emergency when any application is made
Kinematic envelope (KE)The outline of the space beside and above the track that must be kept clear of obstructions for the train to pass. This can be larger than the static clearance around an unmoving engine or car. See also:
loading gauge and
structure gaugeKnuckleThe articulating part of a coupler that locks automatically in its closed position to join rail cars; so named because its movement resembles that of the human finger
Lead trackA non-main track from which several others branch within a short distance, such as within a
rail yard or engine terminal
Level crossing, railroad crossing, railway crossing, train crossing, or grade crossingA crossing on one level ("at-grade intersection")—without recourse to a bridge or tunnel—generally of a railway line by a road or path
Light engineA locomotive travelling on its own, or perhaps with just a
caboose (
brake van) attached
Light railA city-based rail system based on tram design standards that operates mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets.
Light rail vehicles (LRV) generally have a top speed of around 55 mph (89 km/h) though mostly operating at much lower speeds, more akin to road vehicles. Light rail vehicles usually run on trackage that weighs less per foot (due to a smaller track profile) than the tracks used for main-line freight trains; thus they are "light rail" due to the smaller rails usually used.
Link and pinAn obsolete method of coupling rail cars, consisting of manually dropping the coupling pin into the drawbar as the cars joined. Extremely hazardous to the brakemen of its day, it was outlawed in the United States by the
Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893.
Local trainA train that stops at most, if not all, stations along its route
LunarAn off-white color of
railway signal light, like the
Moon, achieved by the use of a clear lens of very light blue, to make it distinct from a light that has a broken lens.
Main generatorThe
electric generator in a diesel-electric locomotive that is coupled directly to the prime mover and feeds electrical energy to the traction motors
Main reservoirThe compressed-air tank of a locomotive containing source air for the brakes and other pneumatic appliances
MalletA type of articulated locomotive designed by the
Swiss mechanical engineer
Anatole Mallet (pronounced "mallay"). See Compound engine.
ManifestAn express freight train carrying a variety of general merchandise
Mechanical semaphore signalA signal in which the aspect is conveyed by moving an arm
Mikado typeA steam locomotive with a
2-8-2 wheel arrangement
Milk trainA aggregator for transporting milk from farms to dairies, such as British Railways Milk Trains
ModalohrAn inter-modal car
Mogul typeA steam locomotive with a
2-6-0 wheel arrangementMountain typeA steam locomotive with a
4-8-2 wheel arrangement
Mud ringThe bottom of the water space surrounding a steam locomotive's firebox that collects solid deposits distilled from the water supply during the boiling process
Multiple aspect signallingA system of colour-light signalling in which signals may show three or four aspects
Multiple unit (MU)A self-propelled rail vehicle that can be joined with compatible others and controlled from a single driving station. The sub-classes of this type of vehicle; Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU), Diesel-Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU) and Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) are more common terms. These may also be termed railcars.
Narrow gaugeRailroad track where the rails are spaced less than
1,435 mm (
4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) apart, often found in mountainous terrain where the cost savings of building a smaller railroad can be considerable
Northern typeA steam locomotive with a
4-8-4 wheel arrangement, also known in
North America as "Pocono", "Niagara", "Confederation", "Greenbrier", and "Potomac"
Notch 8 or run 8The eighth notch of a locomotive throttle control, indicating full power
Open wagon (UIC)A form of freight hauling car for bulk goods
Out to foulWhen equipment is placed ahead of the fouling point of a switch turnout
Pacific typeA steam locomotive with a
4-6-2 wheel arrangement
Pannier tankA
tank locomotive where the water tanks are mounted on the boiler in
pannier-like fashion
PantographAn apparatus mounted on the roof of a rail vehicle to allow the collection of electric current from overhead lines
PaperColloquially, a track warrant, train order or other movement permit that is dictated by a dispatcher and copied in writing by a train crew member
PennsyAbbreviation for the former Pennsylvania RailroadA nickname for the PRR's K-4 class steam locomotive
Per diem (pronounced by some U.S. railroaders per die-um, not per dee-um)A fee paid by a rail company to the owner of a car (or
wagon) for the time it spends on the company's propertyAn authorized living expense payment for some workers forced away from their home terminal
Permissive signalA block signal whose most restrictive indication is stop and proceed. A permissive signal is identified by the presence of a number plate affixed to the mast or supporting structure. Proceeding beyond a permissive signal at stop is allowed at restricted speed if operating conditions enable a train operator to stop before reaching any train or obstruction.
PilotA deflective shield affixed to the front of a locomotive to protect its wheels from on-track debris; archaically called a "cowcatcher" See also: Pilot (locomotive)An employee qualified on the operating rules and physical characteristics of a certain section of the railroad, assisting a crew member who is not so qualified See also: Railroad engineer
Pilot engineThe leading locomotive during a
double-heading operationAn unattached locomotive driven a specified distance in front of a special train
Pilot manWhere it is necessary to temporarily work a section of line as single track (for instance if the other track of a double-track line is out of use), a person (the pilot man) acts as the single track
token.
PistonThe moving component in the cylinder of a
steam engine or
internal combustion engine that translates into motion the force exerted by pressurised steam or quickly-burning fuel
Piston travelA specified distance that a brake piston may move from its cylinder to the brake rigging. If the travel exceeds or falls short of this distance, the equipment must be set out for repair.
Pony truckA two-wheel truck or bogie at the front of a locomotive
PorchThe extended walkway at either end of a U.S. locomotive
PorterAn employee who performs or performed (the role has now largely become obsolete) various physical duties, chiefly but not exclusively involving lifting. Various types of porter include:
A baggage porter assisting with luggageAn operating porter assisting with safeworking dutiesA station porter assisting with general station dutiesA lad porter being a junior station porterPortion workingThe practice of coupling two or more passenger trains together over common sections of their respective routes, but otherwise operating the trains separately
Position light signalA block signal in which the relative position of the lights determines the meaning
Positive train control (PTC)A system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements with the aim of increasing operational safety
PossessionA period of time when one or more tracks are closed for maintenance. For the duration of the work, a person in charge of possession (PICOP) has control of the line. When work is complete the possession is relinquished and control of the line handed back to the signaller.
PoundThe weight (and thus the cross section) of a length of rail. A heavier rail can carry heavier loads with less distortion and less damage to the rails themselves and the roadbed.
PowerA locomotive or group of connected (MU'd) locomotives serving as the motive power for a train
Power brakingPulling against the train brakes at the higher end of the locomotive's power output (e.g. notches five through eight on a conventional throttle). This is considered wasteful of fuel and brake shoes, and is therefore discouraged by most operating departments.
Prairie typeA steam locomotive with a
2-6-2 wheel arrangement
Prime moverThe internal combustion engine of a diesel locomotive
Pull apartA rail broken from cold-related contraction
Push poleA pole about 12 feet (366 cm) long and having a diameter of 5 inches (127 mm) and used in the United States between 1870 and the mid-1960s to push a freight car onto or off a siding or onto another track by being placed between a locomotive (on an adjacent track) and the freight car. The two ends of the poles were placed in receptacles called push pole pockets.
Push–pullA mode of operation whereby a locomotive-hauled train may be driven with the locomotive at the front, back, or center of the train. See also: Auto train. See
Top and tail for train with locomotives at both front and back.
Quarterly inspection or periodic inspectionA federally mandated safety inspection performed on a locomotive every 92 operating days
Rack railway, rack-and-pinion railway, or cog railwayA steep-grade railway with a toothed rack rail (usually between the running rails), used when adhesion is insufficient
RailbusA passenger rail vehicle (typically non-articulated or rigid frame) that was derived from bus propulsion and construction technology, but which may evolve into larger dimensions, performance, and characteristics similar in appearance to a light DMU railcar
RailcarA powered single unit or articulated passenger car, usually “railroad-derived” light DMU or EMU, with a driver's cab at one or both ends
RailfanA hobbyist or enthusiast of trains
Rail grinderA machine used to remove irregularities in the surface of the rails that may be self-powered or part of a consist
Rail profileThe cross section shape of rail. There are many rail profiles which are often specific to individual railroads. Rails need to be periodically scanned electronically, the data inspected and analysed, then re-profiled with rail grinding machines to maintain the safe and proper "rail profile". Rails that cannot be brought back to the proper rail profile are condemned and replaced.
Rail squealA screeching train-track friction sound, most commonly occurring on sharp curves or heavy braking
Rail tractorA small petrol (gas) or diesel shunting (switcher) locomotive
Railroad carAny railroad vehicle other than a locomotive
RailroadianaArtifacts of railways around the world
Railway lineA railway route connecting two or more places or other railway routesA railway route constructed by an organization, usually one formed for that purposeA railway route which has been given the line name officially (e.g. by engineers line references in the UK)A set of railway routes which are bundled for publicity purposes (e.g. a UK
train operating company)A set of railway routes without official standing, on which railfans have bestowed a title
Railway stationA train station, a stopping point for trains, usually with passenger access
Railway terminalA building for passengers at the end of a railway line
RedA colour generally associated with stop, when shown by signals or flags
Red zoneThe area between, under, or within a few feet of cars and locomotives. To enter the zone, a ground employee must obtain protection from the locomotive engineer (if a locomotive is coupled) or a blue signal (if no locomotive is coupled).
ReeferA refrigerated railcar, used to transport perishable goods
Refuge sidingA siding used as a passing place on a main line, where slow trains may be held whilst an express passes—a simpler, but less convenient, form of the passing
loopReporting markA two- to four-letter code, assigned by the
Association of American Railroads, that is applied to equipment operating on North American railroads to identify the owner
Rerail frog or rerailerA metal casting slotted over the rail near the wheel of a derailed train car. The engine then pushes or pulls the car so that the derailed wheel runs up the rerailer and back onto the track.
RetarderA device installed in a
classification yard used to reduce the speed of freight cars as they are sorted into consists
Reverser or reverser handleThe handle that controls the directional control on a locomotive. See also Cut off.
Ribbon railContinuously welded rail
Right-side failureA failure in a signalling or other safety critical system which leaves the system in a safe condition
RoadrailerA highway trailer, or semi-trailer, that is specially equipped for direct use on a railroad
Rolling stockIn UK parlance, any railway vehicle that is not capable of moving under its own powerIn US parlance, any railroad car or locomotive
RookieSee Trainee.
RotaryShort for
rotary snowplow, an extreme-duty railroad
snowplow used mainly in the mountain ranges of the American West
RoundhouseA circular or semi-circular structure used for storage and running maintenance of locomotives
Route selector panel, punch box, or train-identification pushbuttons (New York City Subway)A box or panel adjacent to a rail line at an interlocking, with several buttons for train operators to select a desired route, which is then either communicated to a signal tower where an operator fulfills the request, or switched automatically
Ruling gradientThe longest or steepest grade on a division, thus setting the standard for track speeds, locomotive tonnage ratings, and train handling instructions
RunawayA heavy train that has lost speed control while descending a steep grade, due to either brake failure or poor preparation by the crew
Running trackAn other-than-main track, typically providing access to a yard or industry and governed by the requirements of restricted speed
Run-roundThe practice of detaching a locomotive from its train, driving it to the other end of the train and re-attaching it, to allow the train to proceed in the direction it has just come from (e.g. when it reaches its destination and forms a service in the other direction).
Run-through powerLocomotives that remain attached to a manifest or unit train from their home rails over the tracks of a receiving railroad until the train reaches its final destination
Saddle tankA
tank locomotive with the water tank mounted on top of the boiler like a saddle
SafeworkingThe system of rules and equipment designed to ensure the safe operation of trains
SandA granular material sprayed onto the rail just in front of the drive wheels to improve traction
SandboxA container on locomotives and self-propelled multiple units, or trams, that run on tramways and adhesion railways. The container holds
sand which can be dropped onto the rail to improve rail adhesion under wet, steep, or
slippery rail conditions. The sandbox and operating mechanism are collectively known as
sanding gear.
SanditeConsists of a mixture of
sand,
aluminium, and a unique type of adhesive, used instead of plain sand for extreme
slippery rail conditions
Santa Fe typeA steam locomotive with a
2-10-2 wheel arrangement, named for the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway—the first railroad to use such a configuration
Saturated locomotiveA steam locomotive not equipped with a superheater; the steam thus remains at the same temperature as the water in the boiler
ScaleSolid debris distilled from boiling water in a steam locomotive. To prevent corrosion damage from scale build-up, the locomotive must undergo a boiler wash once each operating month.
Schnabel carA specialized type of freight car for extra heavy and over sized loads where the car is loaded in such a way that the load forms part of the car superstructure
SearchlightA signal with a single light source usually capable of displaying three different colors. An internal mechanism governs the color displayed.
SectionA portion of a train that may be operated independently or combined with other sections to operate as a single unitA portion of railway line designated for signalling or maintenanceAn interior portion of a
sleeping car made up of two double seats during daytime that convert to two double berths during nighttime
Semaphore signalA type of signal that has a moving arm to change the indication
Shay locomotiveA type of geared steam locomotive built to the patents of Ephraim Shay
ShuntIn UK and Australian parlance, to make up and divide trains in sidings, to move trains to or from sidings, or to move trains between platforms in a stationIn US parlance, to electrically bond the rails or power feeds between sections on light-rail or trolley systems, so as to temporarily bridge past dead areas
Shuttle trainA train, usually a passenger service, that runs back and forth, usually over a relatively short distance, such as between a junction station and a branch-line terminus.
Side tankA tank locomotive with water tanks mounted each side of the boiler
SidingA section of track off the main line. Sidings are often used for storing rolling stock or freight. A siding is also used as a form of rail access for warehouses and other businesses, where the siding will often meet up with loading docks at rail car height in the building. In the U.S. the term is also used to cover the British term: loop. Also, a passing track in the U.S.
SignalA device that indicates the condition of the line ahead to the driver of a train
Signal aspectThe information conveyed to a railroad vehicle operator by a block signal. Signals may use colored lights, position-significant lights or mechanical semaphores to generate various aspects.
Signal boxA building or room which houses signal levers (usually in a frame), a control panel or a VDU-based control system
Signal passed at dangerAn event in which a train passes a signal to stop without authorization to do so
SignalmanA person in charge of the signalling at a station or junction, often in a signal box
Slippery railThe condition of fallen leaves or other debris lying on and clinging to a railroad track that could cause train wheel slippage, resulting in premature wheel wear and train delays
Slow orderA local speed restriction below the track's normal speed limit often designated by yellow and green flags. Slow orders can be imposed on a temporary basis to protect, for example, maintenance of way employees while sections of track are under repair. Widely used in areas where track is substandard and in need of repair.
SlugA locomotive that contains traction motors yet lacks the diesel engine to create its own power, which is instead supplied by a connected mother locomotive
SmokeboxAn enclosed (normally cylindrical) space attached to the end of the boiler opposite the firebox on a steam locomotive (normally the front). Supports the stack; steam pipes to and from the cylinders pass through here; contains the
blastpipe where the exhaust steam is used to provide draft for the fire. In superheated locomotives, also contains the superheater header and (optionally) a front-end throttle. A smokebox door allows access for cleaning.
Snowplow, snow plow, snowplough, or snow ploughA rail service vehicle used for snow removal from train tracks
Snow shedA long shelter erected over a railroad track on the side of a mountain to protect the line from avalanches and drifting
Span bolsterThe beam between two bogies
SpikeA bolt, pin, or nail used to hold rails, or plates connected to the rails (known as tie plates), to sleepers (ties)
Spiral easementSee
Track transition curve. Also known as tangent lead-in.
SpreaderMaintenance of way equipment designed to spread or shape ballast profiles, remove snow, clean and dig ditches as well as trim embankments
Self-propelled ultrasonic rail testing (SPURT) (India)A self-propelled rail-defect detector car
Staff and ticketA method of safeworking involving a
tokenStandard gaugeA gauge where the rails are spaced
1,435 mm (
4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) apart—by far the most common gauge worldwide
Station masterThe person in charge of a station
Steam generatorA device generally used in passenger trains to create steam for heating. The steam generator is usually in the locomotive but may also be located in other cars.
Steam reverserA reversing gear worked by a steam cylinder controlled from the cab
StewardA person in a dining car with a role similar to that of a Maitre d’Hotel
Stretch brakingPulling against train brakes at the lower end of a locomotive's power output (e.g. notches one through four) of a conventional throttle, thus keeping coupler slack stretched and permitting smoother train handling. This is considered most effective on undulating track profiles or when dynamic braking is not available.
SubdivisionThe trackage area within a division covered by a single timetable
SuperchargerA mechanical device that boosts the pressure of engine intake air to above atmospheric level, causing an increase in power. Not to be confused with the blower used to scavenge the cylinders of a naturally aspirated two-stroke Diesel engine.
SuperheaterA device in a steam locomotive that raises the temperature of saturated steam substantially beyond the boiling point of water, increasing power and efficiency
SurveyTo determine the position of constructed objects, including rail
infrastructure, in relation to the earth's surface. This is accomplished by measuring angles and distances based on the principles of triangulation.
SurveyorA person assigned to perform survey work
SwitchmanA railroad worker responsible for assembling trains and switching
railroad cars in a yard
Tamping machineGenerally, a locomotive used in track maintenance and equipped with track lifting facilities, and paddles enabling ballast to be pushed beneath a rail track so as to assure its level and cant
Tank carA type of rolling stock designed to transport liquid and gaseous commodities
Team trackA spur or siding for loading freight, often used by firms not having their own direct rail access
TenderA specialized rail car attached to a steam locomotive to carry its fuel and water supplies, along with tools and flagging equipment
Terminal railroad (or terminal railway)A company in the United States that owns no cars of its own and transports only the railroad cars of other companies around a specific terminal station
Texas typeA steam locomotive with a
2-10-4 wheel arrangement
Third railAn electrified rail that runs along the tracks, giving power to trains. Used mostly in subways and
rapid transit systems.
Through coachA passenger coach that is disconnected from one train and attached to another before continuing on with its journey, thus avoiding the need for passengers themselves to switch trains
Through platformThe standard platform and track arrangement at a station. The train pulls alongside the platform, arriving from one end of the station, and may pass out the other end of the station by continuing along the same track
Through routingCombining two or more different railways onto a common length of track. This is often done to eliminate redundant trackage or improve service.
Tie plateA plate which is bolted to sleepers, holding the rails in place
Timetable directionThe general compass direction of a railroad or subdivision, as specified by its official timetable rulebook. Only the four cardinal compass points may be used to state a train's direction of travel.
Trailer on flat car (TOFC)Intermodal freight transportTokenA physical object given to a locomotive driver to authorize use of a particular stretch of single track
Track bed or trackbedThe foundation of rail tracks
Track bulletinA form used by railroad employees that shows the locations of
slow orders, maintenance of way work locations, and other conditions affecting the track and movement of trains
Track circuitAn electrical circuit that detects the presence of locomotives or cars (as their wheelsets electrically bond the rails) in a block of track, and provides real-time input to signaling logic
Track transition curveThe gradual application of superelevation and tighter curve radius, calculated with reference to the anticipated line speed and the final curve radius, on the approach to a bend. Also known as the
transition spiral and
spiral easement.
Trackside objectsSee Wayobjects.
Traction motorA large electric motor that powers the driving wheels of an electric or diesel-electric locomotive
Traction supplyThe electric source for the traction motors of electric trains
Tractive effortThe pulling or pushing force exerted by a locomotive or other vehicle
TrailingA turnout where both legs merge in the direction of travel—the opposite of facing
TrainmanAn employee assigned to train service, such as a conductor, brakeman, or switchman
TrainmasterA dispatcher—the person in charge of all traffic within assigned blocks
TrainsetA group of rolling stock that is permanently or semi-permanently coupled together to form a unified set of equipment. Trainsets are most often used in passenger train configurations.
TramA city-based rail system that typically shares its operational space with other vehicles and often runs on, across, or down the center of city streets
Tram-trainTrams that are designed to run both on the tracks of a city-based rail system and on the existing railway networks. Tram-trains' dual-voltage capability makes it possible to operate at lower speeds on city streets and at over 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) on main line tracks allowing travel in an extended geographical area without changing the method of transport.
TreadleA mechanical or electrical device for detecting the presence of a rail vehicle with pin-point accuracy, unlike a
track circuit, which provides detection over an arbitrary distances
Turnout or pointsA switch
TurntableA section of track that can rotate, allowing locomotives and rolling stock to be reversed, and also allow a large number of engine maintenance sidings to be accessed in a small area
Unit trainA train in which all cars (wagons) carry the same commodity and are shipped from the same origin to the same destination, without being split up or stored en route
Vacuum brakeA continuous train brake which is fail-safe in operation; the brake is powered by a vacuum from the locomotive but the application is actually by
atmospheric pressure when the vacuum is released. Now largely superseded by the air brake.
Valve gearThe linkage mechanism that operates the valve for a driving cylinder, to alternately admit steam to the cylinder and then exhaust it when the piston's stroke is nearly complete
StandpipeA device used for delivering a large volume of water into the tank or tender of a steam locomotive
Water gauge or water glassA device showing the level of water in the boiler
Way carAn alternate term for a
caboose used by the
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad,
Chicago and North Western Railway, and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Way freightSee Local train.
Wayobjects or wayside objectsTrackside objects or any structures at the wayside or beside the rail tracks usually within the right-of-way, such as railway signals,
third rails, overhead lines and their supports, electrification systems, platforms, or boom barriers
WaysideTrackside
Well tankA type of tank locomotive. The water tank is mounted between the frame plates, beneath the cab and boiler.
Well wagon (UIC)A
flat wagon with a depressed centre used for carrying extra tall loads
WheelThe rolling component typically pressed onto an axle and mounted on a rail car or locomotive truck or bogie. Wheels are cast or forged (wrought) and are heat treated to have a specific hardness. New wheels are trued to a specific profile before being pressed onto an axle. All wheel profiles need to be periodically monitored to insure proper wheel to rail interface. Improperly trued wheels increase rolling resistance, reduce energy efficiency and may create unsafe operation. A railroad wheel typically consists of two main parts: the wheel itself, and the tire around the outside. A railway tire is itself steel, and is typically heated and pressed onto the wheel, where it remains firmly as it shrinks and cools.
Wheel climbThe process of a wheel climbing up and often off the inside or gauge side of the rail. It is a major source of derailments. Wheel climb is more likely to occur in curves with wheels whose flanges are worn or have improper angles. See Rail adhesion.
Wheel flangeThe inner section of a wheel that rides between the two rails. The angle between the wheel tread and flange is often specific to the rail to prevent wheel climb and possible derailments. See Rail adhesion. The wheel flange is part of the wheel tire.
Wheel-rail interfaceThe on-contact interaction between wheels and rails. The term is used in connection with the design and management of their interaction.
Wheel slipThe loss of traction due to a slippery rail or wheel. Wheel slip was common with steam engines as they started to move due to the excessive torque often generated at low speed. Steam engines carried sand dispensing gear to increase traction at the start of motion.
WheeltapperAn historical railway occupation; people employed to tap train wheels with hammers and listen to the sound made to determine the integrity of the wheel; cracked wheels, like cracked bells, do not sound the same as their intact counterparts. The job was associated with the steam age, but they still operate in some eastern European countries. Modern planned maintenance procedures have mostly obviated the need for the wheel-tapper.
Wheel treadThe slightly conical section (often with a 1 in 20 slope) of a railroad wheel that is the primary contact point with the rail. See Rail adhesion.
WhistleTrain whistles are used as a safety warning and also by the engineer to communicate to other railroad workers. See
train whistle for a description of the whistle code used to communicate. Also a
nickname for an air horn on a diesel locomotive. Steam engine whistles were historically known as chimes in the US during the 19th century.
Whistle postAn advance warning to the engineer of an upcoming grade crossing. It is the point at which the engineer should begin sounding the whistle or horn.
Whyte notationA system of describing steam locomotive wheel arrangements (e.g. 4-6-4, 2-10-2). The first number indicates the number of "pilot" wheels that help lead the engine into turns. The second is the number of coupled wheels ("drivers"). Third are the trailing idler wheels, usually to provide support to larger fireboxes. Articulated locomotives are similarly described. For example, a Union Pacific "Big Boy" would be described as a 4-8-8-4, wherein the pilot has four wheels, followed by two sets of drivers, eight wheels per set, and a four-wheel trailing bogie under the firebox. The numbers include the wheels on both sides of the engine, so a 2-8-2 engine would have one idler, four drivers, and a final idler on each side of the engine.
WigwagA largely superseded Level or Grade Crossing Warning Signal consisting of a swinging disc facing road traffic with a red light in the centre. The disc normally hangs straight down, but an approaching train will set it swinging from side to side, the red light will illuminate or flash, and a bell will ring.
Working water, foaming, or primingThe condition of a steam locomotive drawing water through its throttle valve, cylinders, and smokestack, often causing damage to the cylinders or running gear
Wrong-side failureA failure in a signalling system that leaves the system in a dangerous condition
YardA location where rolling stock is switched to and from trains, freight is loaded or unloaded, and consists made up
YardmasterThe person responsible for conducting all traffic within the yard in order to assemble or disassemble consists
YellowA colour associated with a warning or a need to slow down when used by flags or signals, but the exact meaning varies from railway to railway
Yellowstone typeA steam locomotive with a 2-8-8-4 wheel arrangement
Zig zag or switchbackA method of climbing and descending steep gradients, where shallow-gradient track reverses direction for a while, and then reverses again to continue in the original direction