Along the terrestrial/land Silk Roads
Major cities, broadly from the eastern Mediterranean to South Asia, and arranged roughly west to east in each area by modern-day country
The Silk Roads across the Middle east and Western asia
Turkey
Constantinople, ancient Byzantium, (now Istanbul), Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire & Ottoman EmpireBursaBeypazarıMudurnuTaraklıKonyaAdanaAntiochIzmirTrabzonLebanon
TyreSyria
AleppoTartusHomsDamascusPalmyraRaqqaDura EuroposIraq
MosulSamarraFallujahBaghdadCtesiphonBaqubaIran
KermanshahHamadanRey (or Ray in modern-day Tehran)Hecatompylos (Damghan)SabzevarNishapurMashhadTusBamYazdQazvinTurkmenistan
NisaMervUrgenchAmulUzbekistan
BukharaShahrisabzSamarkandTashkentKokand (Fergana Valley)Andijon (Fergana Valley)Tajikistan
Khujand (Fergana Valley)IstaravshanKazakhstan
TarazHazrat-e TurkestanAlmatyOtrar Ispidjab (or Sairum )Southern Routes and South Asia
Afghanistan
Bactra (Balkh)HeratAlexandria Arachosia (Kandahar)BamyanKabulPakistan
QuettaPushkalavati/PeshawarTaxilaMultanDebal/Banbhore/BarbarikonIndia
LehJaisalmerMathuraVaranasi (or Benares)PataliputraNalasopara(SOPARA)Nepal
Kathmandu - see also Patan & BhaktapurTibet (China)
LhasaValley of the Kings (Tibet)Bangladesh
Wari-BateshwarPundranagaraVikrampuraSomapuraBhitargarhSonargaonChattagram/Chatgaon/ChittagongComilla/Mainamati/SamatataJahangir Nagar/DhakaBhutan
JakarTshongdue/ParoKashgar (or Kashi)LiqianAksuKuchaKorlaLoulanKarasahr (Yanqi)Turpan (Turfan)Jiaohe RuinsTurpan Water MuseumGaochangthe Bezeklik Thousand Buddha CavesChang'anKumul/HamiÜrümqiYumen Pass (or Jade Gate or Pass of the Jade Gate) (city called Yumenguan or Hecang)AnxiKashgar (or Kashi)YarkandPishanKhotanNiyaMingfengEndereCharchanWaxxariRuoqiang Town (Charklik)MiranYangguan, or Yangguan PassDunhuangthe Mogao CavesAnxiDunhuangJiayuguanJiuquanZhangyeShandanLiangzhou (Wuwei)Tianzhu, GansuLanzhouTianshuiBaojiChang'an (modern-day Xi'an)Korea
PyongyangGyeongjuJapan
NaraDebal, PakistanNingbo, ChinaFuzhou, ChinaQuanzhou, ChinaGuangzhou, ChinaUlsan, KoreaChittagong, BangladeshColombo, Sri LankaPoompuhar, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMadras,Tamil Nadu,IndiaKorkai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMuziris, Kerala, IndiaGoa, IndiaMumbai, IndiaCochin, IndiaMasulipatnam, IndiaLothal, IndiaAstrakhan, RussiaDerbent, RussiaSudak, RussiaMuscat, OmanAden, YemenSuez, EgyptAyas, TurkeyVenice, ItalyRome, ItalyKedah (Early history of Kedah)LangkasukaLigorChi TuGangga NagaraMalaccaPan PanFunan, KhmerMuziris, IndiaChenla, KhmerVijaya of ChampaKhmer / KambujaHanoi, VietnamHoi An, VietnamSrivijaya, IndonesiaPasai, IndonesiaPerlak, IndonesiaThis following list is attributed to Ptolemy. All city names are Ptolemy's, throughout all his works. Most of the names are included in Geographia.
Some of the cities provided by Ptolemy either
do not longer exist today ORhave moved to different locationsNevertheless, Ptolemy has provided an important historical reference for researchers.
(This list has been alphabetized.)
AfricaEast Africa - Akhmim, Aromaton Emporion, Axum, Coloe, Dongola, Juba, Maji, Opone, Panopolis, Sarapion, Sennar.North Africa - Caesarea, Carthage, Cyrene, Leptis Magna, Murzuk, Sijilmassa, Tamanrasset, Tingis.Arabia - Cane, Eudaemon Amrabia, Moscha, Mosyllon, Sana, Zafār (Saphar), Saue.Bangladesh - Sounagaora.China - Cattigara, Chengdu, Kaifeng, Kitai, Kunming, Yarkand.Europe - Aquileia, Athens, Augusta Treverorum (Trier), Gades (Cadiz), Ostia.India - Argaru, Astakapra, Bacare, Balita, Barake, Byzantion, Colchi, Erannoboas, Horaia, Kalliena, Mandagora, Melizeigara, Muziris, korkai, Poompuhar, Naura, Nelcynda, Paethana (Paithan), Palaepatmae, Palaesimundu, Poduca, Semylla, Sopatma, Suppara (Nalasopara), Tagara, Tymdis.Pakistan - Barbaricum, Peshawer, TaxillaPersia - Alexandria Areion, Kandahar, Persepolis.Persian Gulf - Apologos, Asabon, Charax, Gerrha (or Gerra), Ommana.Red Sea - Adulis, Aualites, Berenica, Malao, ancient Berbera, Muza, Myos Hormos, Ocalis, Ptolemais Theron.South East Asia - Kattigara (Oc Eo), Thaton, Trang.Unknown - Ecbatana (located in either modern Iran or Syria), Jiaohei.
