Chōsen gakkō (Japanese: 朝鮮学校 Chōsen gakkō; Korean: 조선학교) is school located in Japan that teaches Koreans in Japan by Chongryon. It is sponsored by North Korea and Chongryon.
Chōsen gakkō is the most popular foreign school for Koreans in Japan, although it is not acknowledged as a regular school. A Korean school sponsored by South Korea and operated by Mindan has fewer students but is so acknowledged.
As of 2013 there were 73 North Korean grade schools and ten North Korean high schools in Japan. As of 2014 there were about 150,000 pro-North Korea Zainichi Koreans in Japan, and they form the clientele of the North Korean schools. As of 2013 the North Korea-aligned schools had almost 9,000 ethnic Korean students.
There is also a North Korea-aligned university in Japan, Korea University.
The schools were established by Koreans who came to Japan to earn much more money during the pre-World War II period and during the war. Historically the North Korean government and the Chongryon provided funding for the North Korean schools in Japan. Justin McCurry of The Guardian stated that politically conservative Japanese people opposed the schools because since they believed that "a group that blatantly proclaims its loyalty to an unfriendly regime" should not receive the same treatment as the traditional Japanese education system.
The schools received increasing support in the 1950s and 1960s since many Koreans in Japan sided with the Chongryon; at the time North Korea appeared to have good economic prospects.
Beginning in 2010 and by 2014 increasing tensions between the Japanese and North Korean governments caused Japanese cities and prefectures to end subsidies to North Korean schools. In the fiscal year of 2011 the Osaka Prefectural Government ended subsidies to a North Korean educational corporation which operates ten schools.
The Japanese central government also took measures against the schools. In 2010 it prevented North Korean high schools from being a part of a tuition free waiver program. In February 2013 the Japanese central government, citing the development of the North Korean nuclear program and a lack of cooperation regarding the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens, officially declared that North Korean schools may not be a part of the tuition waiver program.
The January 2013 passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087, which increased sanctions against North Korea, caused North Korean government support for the schools to erode.
By 2014 the loss of funding put many North Korean schools in financial peril.
In 2014 Institute of Contemporary Asian Studies at Temple University in Tokyo director Robert Dujarric stated that the North Korean government uses the North Korea-aligned schools as a means to propagandize, and Takushoku University professor Hideshi Takesada stated that the schools teach obedience to Kim Jong-un and uses "very ideological" curriculum.
As of 2013 many schools use their own curriculum distinct from that of North Korean curriculum. The schools' teachers generally write their own textbooks.
Around 2003 many North Korean primary and junior high schools removed portraits of the Kim Il-sung family from the classrooms due to a belief that such portraits were not appropriate for small children. In 2014 Kim Chol, the principal of a Chongryon elementary school in Ikuno-ku, Osaka, stated that most North Korean-aligned schools in Japan no longer display portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il since the schools wanted to attract more students and because many parents had different political ideas.
Aichi PrefectureAichi Korean Middle and High SchoolAichi No. 7 Korean Primary School (愛知朝鮮第七初級学校)Nagoya Korean Primary School (名古屋朝鮮初級学校)Toshun Korean Elementary School & Kindergarten (東春朝鮮初級学校) - Formerly had junior high school classesToyohashi Korean Primary School (豊橋朝鮮初級学校)Chiba PrefectureChiba Korean Primary and Junior High SchoolEhime PrefectureShikoku Korean Elementary and Junior High School (四国朝鮮初中級学校)Fukui PrefectureHokuriku Korean Elementary and Junior High School (北陸朝鮮初中級学校)Fukuoka PrefectureKyushu Korean Junior-Senior High SchoolKitakyushu Korean Elementary School (北九州朝鮮初級学校)Fukuoka Korean Elementary School (福岡朝鮮初級学校)Kokura Korean Kindergarten (小倉朝鮮幼稚園) - KitakyushuFukushima PrefectureFukushima Korean School (福島朝鮮初中級学校/후쿠시마 조선 초중급학교)Gifu PrefectureGifu Korean Elementary and Middle School (岐阜朝鮮初中級学校)Gunma PrefectureGunma Korean Elementary and Middle School (群馬朝鮮初中級学校)Hiroshima PrefectureHiroshima Korean SchoolHokkaidoHokkaido Korean Primary, Middle and High SchoolHyōgo PrefectureKobe Korean Senior High SchoolKobe Korean Elementary and Junior High School (神戸朝鮮初中級学校)West Kobe Korean Elementary School (西神戸朝鮮初級学校)Amagasaki Korean Elementary and Middle School (尼崎朝鮮初中級学校)Itami Korean Elementary School (伊丹朝鮮初級学校)Seiban North Korean Elementary and Middle School (西播朝鮮初中級学校)Ibaraki PrefectureIbaraki Korean Primary, Middle and High SchoolKanagawa PrefectureKanagawa Korean Jr./ Sr. High SchoolYokohama Korean Primary School (横浜朝鮮初級学校)Tsurumi Korean Primary School (鶴見朝鮮初級学校) - YokohamaKawasaki Korean Primary School (川崎朝鮮初級学校) - Formerly served junior high schoolNambu Korean Primary School (南武朝鮮初級学校) - KawasakiKyoto PrefectureKyoto Korean Junior High-High SchoolKyoto Korean Elementary School (京都朝鮮初級学校)Kyoto Korean No. 2 Elementary School (京都朝鮮第二初級学校) - Formerly served junior high schoolMie PrefectureYokkaichi Korean Elementary and Middle School (四日市朝鮮初中級学校)Miyagi PrefectureTohoku Korean Primary and Junior High School (formerly served high school students)Nagano PrefectureNagano Korean Elementary and Junior High School (長野朝鮮初中級学校)Niigata PrefectureNiigata Korean Elementary and Junior High School (新潟朝鮮初中級学校)Okayama PrefectureOkayama Korean Elementary and Junior High School (岡山朝鮮初中級学校)Okayama Korean Kindergarten (岡山朝鮮幼稚園)Osaka PrefectureOsaka Korean High SchoolNorth Osaka Korean Elementary and Middle School (北大阪朝鮮初中級学校)East Osaka Korean Middle School (東大阪朝鮮中級学校)Ikuno Korean Elementary School (生野朝鮮初級学校)Johoku Korean Elementary School (城北朝鮮初級学校)Middle Osaka Korean Elementary School (中大阪朝鮮初級学校)Osaka Korean No. 4 Elementary School (大阪朝鮮第四初級学校)Osaka Fukushima Korean Elementary School (大阪福島朝鮮初級学校)South Osaka Korean Elementary School (南大阪朝鮮初級学校)Higashi Osaka Korean Elementary School (東大阪朝鮮初級学校)Saitama PrefectureSaitama Korean Elementary and Middle School (埼玉朝鮮初中級学校)Saitama Korean Kindergarten (埼玉朝鮮幼稚園)Shiga PrefectureShiga Korean Elementary School (滋賀朝鮮初級学校)Shizuoka PrefectureShizuoka Korean Elementary and Junior High School (静岡朝鮮初中級学校)Tochigi PrefectureTochigi Korean Primary and Junior High School (栃木朝鮮初中級学校)TokyoTokyo Korean Junior and Senior High SchoolTokyo Korean 1st Elementary and Junior High School (東京朝鮮第一初中級学校)Tokyo Korean 2nd Elementary School (東京朝鮮第二初級学校)Tokyo Korean 3rd Elementary School (東京朝鮮第三初級学校)Tokyo Korean 4th Elementary and Junior High School (東京朝鮮第四初中級学校)Tokyo Korean 5th Elementary and Junior High School (東京朝鮮第五初中級学校)Tokyo Korean 6th Elementary School (東京朝鮮第六初級学校)Tokyo Korean 9th Elementary School (東京朝鮮第九初級学校)West Tokyo Korean No. 1 Elementary and Junior High School (西東京朝鮮第一初中級学校)West Tokyo Korean No. 2 Elementary and Junior High School (西東京朝鮮第二初中級学校)Wakayama PrefectureWakayama Korean Elementary and Middle School (和歌山朝鮮初中級学校)Yamaguchi PrefectureYamaguchi Korean Elementary and Junior High School (山口朝鮮初中級学校)Aichi PrefectureAichi Korean No. 9 Elementary School (愛知朝鮮第九初級学校)Fukuoka PrefectureChikuho Korean Elementary School (筑豊朝鮮初級学校)Gifu PrefectureTono Korean Elementary and Middle School (東濃朝鮮初中級学校) - TokiHyogo PrefectureAkashi Korean Elementary School (明石朝鮮初級学校)Amagasaki East Korean Elementary School (尼崎東朝鮮初級学校)Hanshin Korean Elementary School (阪神朝鮮初級学校)Takarazuka Korean Elementary School (宝塚朝鮮初級学校)Kyoto PrefectureMaizuru Korean Elementary and Junior High School (舞鶴朝鮮初中級学校)Kyoto Korean No. 1 Elementary School (京都朝鮮第一初級学校)Kyoto Korean No. 3 Elementary School (京都朝鮮第三初級学校) - Merged/renamed to Kyoto Korean Elementary SchoolNara PrefectureNara Korean Elementary School (奈良朝鮮初級学校)Osaka PrefectureSakai Korean Elementary School (堺朝鮮初級学校)Senshu Korean Elementary School (泉州朝鮮初級学校) - IzumiōtsuTokyoTokyo No. 8 Korean Elementary School (東京朝鮮第八初級学校)Yamaguchi PrefectureYamaguchi Korean High SchoolShimonoseki Korean Elementary and Junior High School (下関朝鮮初中級学校)Ube Korean Elementary and Junior High School (宇部朝鮮初中級学校)Tokuyama Korean Elementary and Junior High School (徳山朝鮮初中級学校)