Samiksha Jaiswal (Editor)

Temporary capital

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Temporary capital construction


A temporary capital or a provisional capital is a city or town chosen by a government as an interim base of operations due to some difficulty in retaining or establishing control of a different metropolitan area. The most common circumstances leading to this are either a civil war, where control of the capital is contested, or during an invasion, where the designated capital is taken or threatened.

Contents

Historical

Examples include:

  • During the Hungarian War of Independence (1848-1849) the government moved from Pest-Buda to Debrecen.
  • During the Colombian Civil War (1860–1862), Pasto was declarated temporary capital by the leaders of the Colombian Conservative Party.
  • During the lead-up to and the early weeks of the American Civil War, the provisional government of the Confederate States of America met in Montgomery, Alabamabefore relocating to Richmond, Virginia after Virginia joined the Confederacy. Likewise, after the fall of Richmond in 1865, the government evacuated to Danville, Virginia.
  • During the British Raj rule of India, some parts of the administration temporarily moved each summer to Simla, where the weather is cooler.
  • The First Philippine Republic government under Emilio Aguinaldo had four different temporary capitals throughout the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonization and subsequent American occupation: Malolos, Bacolor, Cabanatuan, and Palanan.
  • During World War I, the government of Romania moved to Iaşi after the fall of Bucharest to the Central powers
  • The Pan-Russian "White" regime of A. Kolchak in Omsk during the Russian Civil War.
  • Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended fighting in World War I, Berlin as the capital was considered too dangerous for the National Assembly to use as a meeting place, because of its street rioting after the 1918 German Revolution. Therefore, the calm and centrally located Weimar was chosen as the temporary capital (see Weimar Republic).
  • Lithuania in Kaunas rather than Vilnius during the interwar period when Poland controlled the latter city (see Temporary capital of Lithuania).
  • During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalists initially had a temporary capital at Burgos; once the Nationalists started to besiege Madrid, the Republicans maintained temporary capitals first at Valencia then at Barcelona and finally it returned to Valencia when Barcelona fell to the nationalist advance.
  • The Republic of China maintained a temporary capital in Chongqing when Japan occupied Nanjing in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and following the Chinese Civil War the Republic of China relocated to Taipei.
  • The Parliament of Finland moved from Helsinki to Kauhajoki during the Winter War.
  • During World War II due to evacuation actions following Nazi Germany's invasion the Soviet Union had different de facto capitals:
  • Kuybyshev (now Samara) — planned temporary capital in case of occupation of Moscow and de facto temporary administrative and diplomatic capital
  • Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) — de facto temporary industrial capital
  • Kazan — de facto temporary scientific capital
  • Tyumen — de facto temporary spiritual capital
  • During the First Indochina War (1946–1954) the government moved from Hanoi to Việt Bắc.
  • Germany after 1945 considered Berlin to remain the German capital. But due to the onset of the Cold War Berlin itself was divided and 161 kilometers (100 miles) beyond the Inner German Border within the Soviet-controlled zone that would soon become the German Democratic Republic. As a result, Bonn was established as a temporary capital for West Germany until the two Germanies reunited in 1990. The Federal Republic of Germany's government and the bulk of its offices has since moved to Berlin, but a large portion of its offices remain in Bonn. (The German constitution mentions the capital only since 2008.)
  • During the Korean War, the South Korean government temporarily moved its capital to Pusan (Busan) before the Korean People's Army advance which conquered and occupied Seoul. South Korea reestablished Seoul as the permanent capital of South Korea after the Korean War Armistice.
  • The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed temporary capitals previously in Bir Lehlou and currently in Tifariti, in contrast to its de jure capital of El Aaiún. Its de facto headquarters is in Tindouf, Algeria.
  • The current internationally recognized government of Somalia met in various locations within its territory rather than Mogadishu while the latter was deemed too dangerous to meet in.
  • During the Libyan Civil War, the National Transitional Council (NTC) declared its base of operations in Benghazi to be the temporary capital of the Libyan Republic, as the NTC had previously declared its capital to be Tripoli, controlled by Muammar Gaddafi's Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
  • In the wake of the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, ousted President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi declared Aden the provisional capital of Yemen while Sana'a is controlled by the rebel Houthis.

    • References

    Temporary capital Wikipedia
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