The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Syria:
Syria – country in Western Asia, that borders Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest. Civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Syria is part of the Fertile Crescent, and from approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers of Neolithic culture where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world. Over the millennia, Syria has been conquered and settled by many different peoples. A country of fertile plains, high mountains and deserts, it is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Syriacs, Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians, Armenians, Druze, Alawite, Christians, Shias and Sunnis. The latter make up the majority of the population. Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in civil war in the wake of uprisings (considered an extension of the Arab Spring, the mass movement of revolutions and protests in the Arab world) against Assad and the neo-Ba'athist government. The opposition Syrian National Coalition selected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of a rival provisional government on March 19, 2013 after being invited to do so by several foreign governments and the Arab League.
Syria is: a country
Location:
Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
Eurasia
Asia
Western Asia
Southwest Asia
Middle East
Levant
Time in Syria
Time zone: UTC+02, summer UTC+03
Extreme points of Syria
High: Jabal el-Sheikh 2,814 m (9,232 ft)
Low: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Land boundaries: 2,253 km
Coastline: Mediterranean Sea 193 km
Population of Syria: 19,929,000 - 54th most populous country
Area of Syria: 185180 km2
Atlas of Syria
Climate of Syria
Environmental issues in Syria
Geology of Syria
Protected areas of Syria
Biosphere reserves in Syria
National parks of Syria
Renewable energy in Syria
Wildlife of Syria
Fauna of Syria
Birds of Syria
Mammals of Syria
Glaciers of Syria
Islands of Syria
Lakes of Syria
Mountains of Syria
Volcanoes in Syria
Rivers in Syria
Waterfalls of Syria
Valleys of Syria
World Heritage Sites in Syria
Governorates of Syria
Districts of Syria
Municipalities of Syria
Provinces of Syria
Al-Hasakah
Aleppo
Damascus
Daraa
Deir ez-Zor
Hama
Homs
Idlib
Latakia
Quneitra
Raqqa
Rif Dimashq
As-Suwayda
Tartus
Districts of Syria
Al-Hasakah District
Al Qamishli District
Al-Malikiyah District
Ra's al-'Ayn District
'Ayn al-'Arab District
Afrin District
Al Bab District
As-Safirah District
A'zaz District
Jabal Sam'an
Jarabulus District
Manbij District
Raqqa District
Ath-Thawrah District
Tal Abyad District
As-Suwayda District
Salkhad District
Shahba District
As-Sanamayn District
Daraa District
Izra' District
Abu Kamal District
Mayadin District
Deir ez-Zor District
As-Suqaylabiyah District
Hama District
Masyaf District
Muhardeh District
Salamiyah District
Al-Mukharram District
Al-Qusayr District
Ar-Rastan District
Homs District
Palmyra District
Talkalakh District
Arihah District
Harem District
Idlib District
Jisr ash-Shugur District
Ma'arrat al-Numan District
Al-Haffah District
Jableh District
Latakia District
Qardaha District
Fiq District
Quneitra District
Al-Qutayfah District
An-Nabk District
Al-Tall District
Darayya District
Markaz Rif Dimashq
Duma District
Qatana District
Yabrud District
Zabadani District
Ash-Shaykh Badr District
Baniyas District
Duraykish District
Safita District
Tartus District
Municipalities of Syria
List of cities in Syria
List of towns and villages in Syria
Government and politics of Syria
Politics of Syria
Form of government:
Capital of Syria: Damascus
Elections in Syria
Political parties in Syria
Head of state: President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad; President of the Syrian National Coalition, Moaz al-Khatib
List of Presidents of Syria
List of Vice Presidents of Syria
Head of government: Prime Minister of Syria, Muhammad Naji al-Otari; Prime Minister of the Syrian National Coalition, Ghassan Hitto
List of Prime Ministers of Syria
Cabinet of Syria
Government ministries of Syria
People's Council of Syria (Unicameral)
List of Speakers of the Parliament of Syria
Judiciary of Syria
High Judicial Council
Court system of Syria
Court of Cassation of Syria
High Constitutional Court of Syria
Civil and criminal courts of Syria
Military courts of Syria
Security courts of Syria
Supreme Court of Syria
Arab League monitors in Syria
Diplomatic missions in Syria
List of Canadian ambassadors to Syria
List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Syria
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria
United States Ambassador to Syria
Diplomatic missions of Syria
Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations
The Syrian Arab Republic is a member of:
Syria is 1 of only 7 U.N. members which is not a member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
Law and order in Syria
Constitution of Syria
Crime in Syria
Human trafficking in Syria
Terrorism in Syria
Human rights in Syria
Freedom of religion in Syria
Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
LGBT rights in Syria
Law enforcement in Syria
Visa requirements for Syrian citizens
Command
Commander-in-chief:
Ministry of Defence of Syria
Forces
Army of Syria
Navy of Syria
Syrian Air Force
List of Syrian Air Force bases
List of Syrian Air Force squadrons
Syrian Republican Guard
Military history of Syria
Military ranks of Syria
Syria during the Stone Age
Levantine corridor – relatively narrow land route of migrations between the Mediterranean Sea to the northwest and deserts to the southeast that connects Africa into Eurasia. It is believed that early hominids spread from Africa to Asia and Europe via the Horn of Africa and the Levantine corridor (named after the Levant, which includes Syria).
Cradle of civilization – term referring to locations identified as the sites of the emergence of civilization. In Western European and Middle Eastern cultures, it has frequently been applied to the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period, Naqada culture), especially in the Fertile Crescent (Levant and Mesopotamia).
Mesopotamia – area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, the northeastern section of Syria and to a lesser extent southeastern Turkey and smaller parts of southwestern Iran. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West.
Natufian culture – Epipaleolithic culture that existed from 13,000 to 9,800 years ago in the Levant. It was unusual in that it was sedentary, or semi-sedentary, before the introduction of agriculture.
Tell Abu Hureyra – archaeological site located in the Euphrates valley in modern Syria. The remains of the villages within the tell come from over 4,000 years of habitation, spanning the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods. The inhabitants of Abu Hureyra started out as hunter-gatherers but gradually transitioned to farming, making them the earliest known farmers in the world.
Tell Aswad – large prehistoric, Neolithic Tell, about 5 hectares (540,000 sq ft) in size, located around 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Damascus in Syria.
Tell Ramad – prehistoric, Neolithic tell at the foot of Mount Hermon, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Damascus in Syria. The tell was the site of a small village of 2 hectares (220,000 sq ft), which was first settled in the late 8th millennium BC.
Halaf culture –
Tell Halaf –
Syria during the Bronze Age
Canaanites –
Amorites –
Eblaites (Ebla city-state) –
Ugarites –
Akkadian Empire –
Arameans – Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
Bronze Age collapse – sudden and culturally disruptive transition in the Aegean Region, Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, during which the palace economy characterising the Late Bronze Age was replaced by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages. Prior to and during the Bronze Age Collapse, Syria became a battle ground between the empires of the Hittites, Assyrians, Mitanni and Egyptians, and the coastal regions came under attack from the Sea Peoples. From the 13th Century BCE the Arameans came to prominence in Syria, and the region outside of the Phoenician coastal areas eventually became Aramaic speaking.
Syro-Hittite states –
Phoenicia –
Achaemenid Empire –
Seleucid Empire –
Roman–Syrian War –
Syria (Roman province) –
Syria Palaestina –
List of Roman governors of Syria
Palmyrene Empire
Palmyra –
Syria in the Middle Ages
Byzantine Syria –
Muslim conquest of the Levant –
Rashidun Caliphate –
Umayyad Caliphate –
Bilad al-Sham –
Great Seljuq Empire –
Ayyubid dynasty
Mongol invasions of Syria – starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty.
County of Edessa –
Principality of Antioch –
Ilkhanate –
Mamluk Sultanate –
Early modern period
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Syria
Timeline of Ottoman Syria history
Modern history of Syria
Kingdom of Syria (8 March–24 July 1920)
State of Syria (1924–1930)
Republic of Syria (1946-1963)
Ba'athist Republic of Syria (1963-present)
1963 Syrian coup d'état
1966 Syrian coup d'état
1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution
Islamic uprising in Syria
Hama massacre
1999 Latakia protests
Damascus Spring
Ain es Saheb airstrike
Syria Accountability Act
2004 Al-Qamishli riots
Damascus Declaration
Operation Orchard
2008 Abu Kamal raid
Syrian civil war (15 March 2011 to present)
Casualties of the Syrian civil war
Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war
International reactions to the Syrian civil war
List of articles related to the Syrian civil war
List of bombings during the Syrian civil war
List of bombings during the Syrian civil war
List of heritage sites damaged during Syrian civil war
List of journalists killed during the Syrian civil war
Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Russia's role in the Syrian civil war
Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war
Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
Syrian media coverage of the Syrian civil war
Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war
Timeline of the Syrian civil war
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)
Timeline of the Syrian civil war (from January 2013)
History of the Middle East
History of the Levant
History of Syria
History of Aleppo
Ancient City of Aleppo
List of rulers of Aleppo
Timeline of Aleppo history
History of Antioch – an ancient Syrian city, Antioch now lies within the borders of Turkey.
Battles of Antioch
Siege of Antioch
Siege of Antioch (1268)
History of Damascus
List of rulers of Damascus
Timeline of Damascus history
History of Hama
History of Homs
First Battle of Homs
Second Battle of Homs
Siege of Homs
History of religion in Syria
History of Eastern Christianity
History of Syriac Christianity
Islamization of Syria
Military history of Syria
1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon
List of massacres in Syria
List of wars involving Syria
List of Syrian flying aces
Terrorism in Syria
Mongol invasions of Syria
Architecture of Syria
List of castles in Syria
List of cathedrals in Syria
Cuisine of Syria
Beer in Syria
Festivals in Syria
Languages of Syria
Media of Syria
Museums in Syria
National symbols of Syria
Coat of arms of Syria
Flag of Syria
National anthem of Syria
Prostitution in Syria
Public holidays in Syria
Records of Syria
Smoking in Syria
Scouting and Guiding in Syria
Scouts of Syria
World Heritage Sites in Syria
Art in Syria
List of Syrian artists
Cinema of Syria
List of Syrian films
Literature of Syria
Music of Syria
Television in Syria
Theatre in Syria
People of Syria
Armenians in Syria
Assyrians in Syria
Iraqis in Syria
List of Syrian people
List of Druze
List of people from Damascus
List of people from Homs
List of people from Latakia
List of Syrian Armenians
List of Syrian artists
List of Syrian defectors
Religion in Syria
List of monasteries in Syria
Christianity in Syria
Orthodox Christianity in Syria
Roman Catholicism in Syria
List of cathedrals in Syria
Syriac Christianity
Hinduism in Syria
Islam in Syria
List of mosques in Aleppo
List of mosques in Damascus
List of mosques in Syria
Judaism in Syria
Sikhism in Syria
Football in Syria
List of football clubs in Syria
List of football stadiums in Syria
Syria national football team results
Syria national football team results 2009
Syria national football team results 2010
Syrian Premier League top scorers
Syria at the Olympics
List of flag bearers for Syria at the Olympics
Rugby union in Syria
Economy and infrastructure of Syria
Agriculture in Syria
Forestry in Syria
Banking in Syria
Central Bank of Syria
Commercial Bank of Syria
Communications in Syria
Telecommunications in Syria
List of Radio Towers in Syria
Telephone numbers in Syria
Television in Syria
Internet in Syria
Media in Syria
List of radio stations in Syria
Newspapers in Syria
Companies of Syria
Currency of Syria: Pound
ISO 4217: SYP
Damascus Securities Exchange
Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 75th (seventy-fifth)
Energy in Syria
Energy policy of Syria
Nuclear energy in Syria
Power stations in Syria
Oil industry in Syria
Mining in Syria
Tourism in Syria
Transport in Syria
Air transport in Syria
Airlines of Syria
Airports in Syria
Rail transport in Syria
Roads in Syria
Vehicle registration plates of Syria
Waste management in Syria
Water supply and sanitation in Syria
Water in Syria
Water supply and sanitation in Syria
Water resources management in Syria
Academic grading in Syria
List of schools in Syria
List of universities in Syria
List of medical schools in Syria
Peace and the "Other" in Syrian School Textbooks
List of medical schools in Syria
Smoking in Syria
