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String orchestra
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A string orchestra is an orchestra consisting solely of a string section made up of the bowed strings used in Western Classical music. The instruments of such an orchestra are most often the following: the violin, which is divided into first and second violin players (each playing different parts), the viola, the cello, and the double bass.
String orchestras can be of chamber orchestra size ranging from between 12 (4 first violins, 3 second violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and 1 bass = 12) and 21 musicians (6 first violins, 5 second violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos and 2 double basses= 21) sometimes performing without a conductor. It could also consist of the entire string section of a large symphony orchestra which could have 60 musicians (16 first violins, 14 second violins, 12 violas, 10 cellos and 8 double basses = 60; Gurre-Lieder calls for 84: 20.20.16.16.12).
Norman leyden serenade for string orchestra
Types
Film scores generally have quite varied string set-ups: for example, James Newton Howard's score for The Last Airbender featured 33 violins, 21 violas, 14 celli and 15 double basses, making it a total of 83 strings. During the big band era, some large swing bands had string sections. In pop music and in some heavy metal music concerts, a string section is used. Musical theatre works are often accompanied by a string section which plays in the orchestra pit. A twentieth-century development has been the reappearance of the concerto grosso pitting of soloists against the full ensemble. During the past eras of pop music, it also employed up to 65-piece string orchestras (Two Tribes).
Repertoire
The repertoire includes several works by Mozart (including Eine kleine Nachtmusik) and Haydn which dispense with the baroque basso continuo. Some of these works are problematic when it comes to deciding whether they are for orchestra or string quartet. Particularly in Haydn's early works it is argued that the inversions of harmony from the occasional crossings of the bass and viola line imply a double bass; the question is not settled, however.
A number of attempts have been made to imitate the sound of a real string ensemble, including the Mellotron, string synthesizers, samplers, and physical modelling synthesizers, with increasing authenticity and realism over time. While frequently used in popular music, none of them have so far succeeded in exactly replicating the sound of a real ensemble of human musicians.
Other works for string orchestra
Giovanni Albini – Una teoria della prossimità (2006)
