The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry:
Forestry – science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. Forestry accommodates a broad range of concerns, through what is known as multiple-use management, striving for sustainability in the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as 'sinks' for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Tree – organism, whose species, age, vitality, growth, health, and size, are considered individually or more often, as part of a whole;Forest – defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals;Biome – ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climateAgroforestry – integration of forests into agricultural systems in order to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and minimize negative side effects of farmingBoreal forestry – analyzes the particular challenges of forestry in the world's boreal regionsClose to nature forestry – theory and practice that takes the forest as an ecosystem and manages it as such. It is based оn reduced human intervention, that should be directed to accelerate the processes that nature would do by itself more slowly.Dendrology – involves the study and identification of economically useful tree speciesEnergy forestry – includes specifically managing for the production of energy from biomass or biofuel derived from a fast-growing species of tree or woody shrubForest ecology – studies the patterns and processes of a forest ecosystemForest economics – studies the impact of economics on forest management decisionsForest hydrology – embodies the effects of changes in forest land use on the movement, distribution, and quality of water in the ecosystemForest mensuration – incorporates quantitative measurements of the forest stand to determine stand timber volume and productivity/health, and provides a basis off which management decisions can be madeForest pathology – research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of the forest or tree, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectorsSilviculture – is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet specific objectivesSocial forestry – addresses human-forest interactions, and the importance of community-based natural resource managementSustainable forestry – emphasizes forest management for long-term environmental, social, and economic sustainabilityTropical forestry – is particularly concerned with management and conservation of forests in the tropicsUrban forestry – entails the care and management of urban tree populations for the purpose of improving the urban environmentWorld forestry – examines forest conservation at a global levelForest management – comprises the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects of forest regulation
Analog forestry – a management focus that seeks to establish a tree-dominated ecosystem that is similar in architectural structure and ecological function to the naturally occurring climax and sub-climax vegetation communityBamboo cultivation – farming and harvesting bamboo for commercial purposes such as construction.Community forestry – combination of forest conservation with rural development and poverty reduction objectives, accomplished through instating a legal framework that favors profitable and sustainable forest managementEcoforestry – emphasizes practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystemsHardwood timber production – process of managing stands of deciduous trees to maximize woody outputTree breeding – method of genetically modifying/selecting forest stock for improved growth or vigor characteristicsMycoforestry – ecological forest management system implemented to enhance forest ecosystems and plant communities through the introduction of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungiPermaforestry – approach to the wildcrafting and harvesting of the forest biomass that uses cultivation to improve the natural harmonious systems. It is a relationship of interdependence between humans and the natural systems in which the amount of biomass available from the forest increases with the health of its natural systems.Plantation forestry – industrial plantations are established to produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Some plantations are managed by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and others by paper and wood companies (such as Weyerhaeuser, Rayonier and Plum Creek Timber in the United States, Asia Pulp & Paper in Indonesia).Short rotation forestry – managing a forest that utilizes fast-growing species as a bio-based energy crop for use in power stations, alone or in combination with other fuels such as coalShort rotation coppice (SRC) – focus on species that are able to naturally regenerate through stump sprouts to maximize economic productivitySustainable forest management – emphasizes practices that maintain forest biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, and vitality, while continuing to fulfill relevant ecological, economic and social functionsTree farm – a forest or woodland owned privately where timber crop production is a major management goalTypes of trees and forests
Types of treesList of trees and shrubs by taxonomic familyList of tree species by shade tolerance – tree grouped by shade tolerance, a determinant in successional statusList of woods – commonly used in the timber and lumber tradeTypes of forestsBy ecological factors (climate, composition, etc.)Boreal forests (taiga) – occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferousConiferous forestsTemperate forests – forests in temperate zonesBroadleaf forests, for example:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forestsEvergreen coniferous forests, for example:Temperate coniferous forestsTemperate rainforests)Broadleaf evergreen forests – supported in warm temperate zones. Examples include:Laurel forestsTropical and subtropical forestsTropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsTropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forestsTropical and subtropical coniferous forestsBy physical structure or developmental stageOld growth forestSecondary forestBy dominant tree species, for examplePonderosa pine forestsDouglas-fir forestsList of types of formally designated forests – various institutionally designated types of forest areas, generally classified by use or ownershipList of countries by forest area – using data from the CIA's World Factbook, presents the total area in km2 and the percentage of land covered by forestsLists of forestsList of old growth forests – by continent, country, province; with various descriptive informationList of life zones by regionArborist – professional responsible for the maintenance of individual trees in an urban forestalso called a tree surgeon.Donkey puncher was the operator of a small steam donkey, a machine used in logging in the 19th and 20th centuries.Fire lookout – person assigned to spot for fires/smoke atop a fire lookout towerForest ecologist – studies patterns, processes, flora and fauna in forest ecosystemsForest economist – model and analyze economic aspects of forest growth, utilization, and conservationForest engineer – civil engineer specializing in all aspects of timber and forest operations, including road-building, railways, log transport, etc.Forest ranger – responsible for managing and policing human use of the forest; sometimes also acts as educator and interpreterForest sociologist – applied social scientist working with a wide variety of stakeholders interested in forestsForest technician – individual primarily responsible for the marking of timber sales and on-ground land management, often requires a two-year Associate of Science degreeForester – professional chiefly responsible for the management of forests, requires a Bachelor of Science degree in most countriesMaster forester – forestry expert responsible for forest management and trainingHotshot crew/Handcrew – a group of wildland firefighters specialized in fire suppression tacticsLumberjack – the typical feller of trees and harvester of the lumber, duties can also include:Log bucking – delimbing and partitioning of trees into logsLog driving – transportation of logs on a river or lake downstream to the millLog scaling – measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of wood going to the manufacturerResin extractor – laborer who extracts resin from pine treesRubber tapper – laborer who extracts natural rubber from tropical rubber treesSmokejumper – firefighters who parachute into remote areas to fight wildland firesTimber cruiser – responsible for assessing forest growth, health, and valuationTree planters – help reestablish forests after logging, fires, and other events and circumstancesSilviculture – practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to preserve and to better their productivity.
Site preparation
Controlled burn – use of fire in order to eliminate weeds, brush, or slash, or to release on-site seeds of fire-dependent speciesStump harvesting – removal of tree stumps either for biomass or to free up space in the soilDrum chopping – knocking down small trees and brush to clear the ground for plantingPlanting
Broadcast seeding – scattering of seed either by hand or mechanically over a relatively large areaAerial seeding – dispersing of seed from an aircraft, used especially in mountainous areasTreeplanting – transplanting of juvenile seedlings into the ground at a predetermined spacingIntermediate treatments
Weeding – removal or reduction of herbaceous or woody species around seedlingsCleaning – removal of competing saplings of similar age in order to favor saplings of desirable growth characteristicsLiberation cutting – removal of older and established overtopping trees from desirable saplingsThinning – removal of trees to favor the growth of select trees in order to maximize timber productionEcological thinning – removal of trees to favor the growth of select trees in order to favor the development of wildlife habitatPruning – removal of the lateral branches on the trees in order to improve wood qualityPollarding – annual removal of lateral branches or main stem in order to encourage growth of branches to provide for firewood, or fruit productionHarvest rotations
Even-aged timber managementClearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and sizeCoppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stumpSeed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cutUneven-aged timber managementSelection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning)Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged standVariable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversityOtherSalvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lostSanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affectedBiomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestryUnderwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial dams or reservoirsAfforestation – the process of establishing a forest on previously unforested land, for reasons of timber harvesting, conservation of biodiversity, or soil decontamination, among manyBiodiversity conservation – examines forests broader role in supporting a variety of (socio)ecological systemsCarbon sequestration – focus on forests' broader ecological functioning in consumption of carbon dioxideConservation – focus on sustainability of forest resources and preservation of forest-based biodiversityDeforestation – the removal of trees in a forested area without sufficient regeneration, resulting in desertification in arid areas and loss of habitat and biodiversityDeforestation by regionEcological restoration – the role of trees in restoring degraded natural and built environmentsFlood control – addresses forests ecological role in natural regulation of rainfallForest dieback – where trees on the periphery of a stand are killed by acid rain or parasitesForest fragmentation – occurring when forests are cut down in a manner that leaves relatively small, isolated patches of forest, resulting in high amounts of edges and subsequent loss in wildlife habitat and biodiversityForest transition – shift from a period of net forest area loss (deforestation) to a period of net forest area gain (afforestation) for a given region or countryHigh grading – type of selective logging that removes the highest timber quality trees, resulting in poor genetic stock for subsequent generationsIllegal logging – the unlawful harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber, contributing to deforestation, corruption, and destabilization of international marketsForest inventory – systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems.
Diameter at breast height (DBH) – measurement of a tree's diameter standardized at 1.3 meters (about 4.5 feet) above the groundBasal area – defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their baseTree taper – the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above groundGirard form class – an expression of tree taper calculated as the ratio of diameter inside the bark at 16 feet above ground to the to that outside bark at DBH, primary expression of tree form used in the United StatesQuadratic mean diameter – diameter of the tree that coordinates to the stand's basal areaLeaf Area Index – the ratio of total upper leaf surface of the forest canopy divided by the surface area of the land on which the vegetation growsToolsBiltmore stick – utilizes ocular trigonometry to quickly measure diameter and heightDiameter tape – cloth or metal tape that is wrapped around the bole, scaled to diameterCaliper – two prongs connected to a measuring tape are placed around the most average part of the bole to determine diameterRelascope – multiple-use tool that is able to find tree height, basal area, and tree diameter anywhere along the boleClinometer – common tool used to measure changes in elevation and tree heightCruising rod – similar to a caliper, calculates the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber by measuring its diameterHemispherical photography – estimates solar radiation and characterize plant canopy structure/density using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide-angle lensTraversing – method of surveying used to establish sampling plots along a line or path of travelChain – equivalent to 66 feet, widely used distance in surveying practices in the United States and other countries influenced by imperial Great BritainLine plot survey – plots taken at a regular predetermined distance along the traverse pathToolsPacing – quick method used to survey in the field, requiring calibration of one's "paces" (pair of footsteps) to a known distance (often a chain)Hand compass – a compact magnetic compass with a sighting device used to determine the location of plots for a given bearingWedge prism – optical instrument typically made of glass ground at slight angles to refract light passing through it from the smaller width side of the prism to the thicker width side of the prism, calibrated to a desired plot size (basal area factor)Angle gauge – similar in principle to a wedge prism, although it must be held a fixed distance from the eyeGPS – global satellite navigation systems used to determine the position of oneself and plotsGIS – an information system capable of integrating, storing, analyzing, and displaying forest geographic information collected in the fieldSite index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 yearsStocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same siteStand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal areaVolume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volumeStand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand compositionUnits of measurementCord – very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.62 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet longStère – invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for airBoard foot – specialized unit of measure for lumber in North America, equivalent to the volume of a one foot length of a board one foot wide and one inch thickStand growth assessment
Increment borer – specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the tree, used often for tree growth analysisMean annual increment (MAI) – refers to the average growth per year a tree or stand of trees has exhibited at a specific agePeriodic annual increment (PAI) – describes the average annual change in tree diameter between the beginning and ending of a growth period, used more often than MAI for percental growthEcological yield -the amount of wood volume in any given year whose harvesting would be considered sustainableGrowth and yield modelling – entails the creation of models of prospective tree growth and harvest yield for management purposesEconomicsStumpage – the price charged by a land owner to loggers for the right to harvest standing timber on that landOptimal rotation age – the age at which the harvesting of stumpage will generate the maximum revenue or economic yieldLogging – cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense to mean moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. However, in common usage, the term may be used to indicate a range of forestry or silviculture activities...
Felling – process of cutting down a treeBucking – splitting of a felled and delimbed trees into logsScaling – measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of merchantable woodSkidding – transportation of logs from the site of felling to the landing along the groundForwarding – transportation of logs from the site of felling to the landing above the ground, usually to minimize soil disturbance but limits the size or amount of logs that can be moved at onceHauling – long-distance transportation of logs from the landing to their final destination, usually with a semi-truck but occasionally with a trainWoodchipping – grinding of logs into chips for engineered wood, mulch, paper, or fuelCut-to-length logging (CTL) – an expensive but efficient system where trees are felled, delimbed, and bucked to scale directly at the felling siteCable logging – skidding using a wire cable attached to the felled trees, most common in areas with steep topographic relief, variations includeHigh lead logging – a cable is anchored to a tree at the top of the hill:Skyline logging – a carriage is used alongside the main cable to provide leverageShovel logging – transport of multiple logs close to the logging road using a stationary loader, often used to minimize soil disturbanceHeli-logging – transport of logs from the forest to the landing via helicopter, most commonly used in inaccessible areas or to minimize impact on the soilLog driving – transportation of individual logs on a waterway to a mill or port downstreamTimber rafting – transportation downstream of multiple logs bundled together into a raft, considered less dangerous than log drivingHandAxe – primitive tool used felling and splittingChainsaw – portable mechanized all-purpose saw, the most common tool used in hand-fellingCrosscut saw – saws that have teeth that are designed to cut wood at a right angle to the direction of the wood grain, used for felling and buckingBucksaw – a type of crosscut saw used by one or two people to buck felled trees into sawlogsMechanizedFeller buncher – vehicle with an attachment that can rapidly cut and gather several smaller trees before felling themHarvester – first half of the CTL system, vehicle that cuts, delimbs, and bucks the logs "to length"GroundPeavey – a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and movingCant Hook – tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tipYarder – in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landingForwarder – second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landingSkidder – vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landingMichigan logging wheels – historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditionsSkid cone – a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual treesWaterSplash dam – a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstreamFlume – chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water.Timber slide – chutes constructed parallel to a river in order to avoid damage to timber rafts caused by rapids or waterfallsBoom – barriers placed in a river, designed to collect and or contain floating logs felled from nearby forestsForest product – any material derived from a forest for direct consumption or commercial use, such as lumber, paper, or forage for livestock. Wood is by far the dominant forest product, used for fuel (as firewood or charcoal), structural materials in the construction of buildings, or as a raw material, such as wood pulp used in the production of paper. All non-wood products derived from forest resources are called non-timber forest products.
Main article Wood
Lumber (also "timber") – structural material for the construction of buildings or furniture makingPaper – made from wood pulp derived from the timber stock pulpwoodMain article Engineered wood
Paperboard – a thick packaging material derived from paper, cardboard is the generic termVeneer – thin layers of high-quality wood, often decorative but also the primary product in plywoodMultilaminar veneer – like veneer, but utilizes plantation wood in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest managementOriented strand board – mainly used in structural insulated panels, has largely replaced plywoodFiberboard – a cheaper and denser form of plywood, used when cost is considered most important. Often used as the underlying structure in car dashboardsDrywall – a gypsum plaster placed inside two sheets of paper, used commonly as the finishing step in construction of interior walls and ceilingsWood-plastic composite – made from recycled materials, is crack- and split-resistant and used commonly outdoorsFuelFirewood – the most unprocessed form of wood fuel, supplies the majority of the developing world's energy needsPellets – a byproduct from sawmilling, is formed from compacted sawdust, easy to transport and has a high combustion efficiencyCellulosic ethanol and Biomethanol – second generation biofuels that are a potential replacement for gasolineCharcoal – derived from tar, is used extensively in cooking, industry, and water purification, among othersBlack liquor – a byproduct from pulp production, can be gasified and used as a syngasByproductsCork – used to stop wine bottles and as the core in baseball batsTar – mainly used as a sealant for shingles and watercraft hullsTurpentine – derived from tar, historically used extensively to thin oil-based paints and a protective furniture waxRubber – wide range of commercial and industrial uses, tires and tubes are the largest consumer usesCreosote – historically been used as a disinfectant, laxative, and to treat coughsTall oil – a cheap alternative for use in soaps, lubricants, and drilling fluidEcosystem servicesMain: Ecosystem servicesCarbon sequestration – a technique for long-term storage of carbon to combat global warmingWater purification – riparian forests act as biofilters to capture and biologically degrade pollutantsOutdoor recreation – provides the natural infrastructure needed for ecotourismLand rehabilitation – the restoration of degraded land to its former state, largely accomplished through phytoremediationMain article: History of forestryPrimitive forest managementShifting cultivationShifting cultivation under stressHistory of forestry in ChinaForestry in the Zhou Dynasty (Chow) (1045 - 256 BCE)Forestry in the Qin Dynasty (Chin) (221 - 206 BCE)Forestry in the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 A.D.)Forestry in the Three Kingdoms (220 - 280 A.D.)Forestry in the Jin Dynasty (265 - 420 A.D.)Forestry in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (Sung) (420 - 589 A.D.)Forestry in the Sui Dynasty (581 - 618 A.D.)Forestry in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 A.D.)Forestry in the Liao Dynasty (907 – 1125 A.D.)Forestry in the Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 A.D.)Forestry in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 A.D.)Forestry in the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 A.D.)Forestry in the Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing) (1644-1911)Forestry in the Republic of China (1912-1949)Pre-mechanical forestryHorse-drawn loggingHistory of forestry in EuropeHistory of forestry in Austria-HungaryHistory of forestry in FranceHistory of forestry in GermanyHistory of forestry in RussiaHistory of forestry in SwedenNaval forestryNaval stores industryColonial forestryBritish timber tradeHistory of American mahogany tradeHistory of forestry in BurmaHistory of forestry in IndiaHistory of forestry on JavaHistory of forestry in MexicoHistory of forestry in Trinidad and TobagoForestry during World War IForestry in the AlpsForestry in BrazilDeforestation in BrazilAs a major environmental issueForest governance in BrazilSelective logging in the Amazon rainforestForestry in ChileForestry in China - 1949 to presentMechanized forestryScientific forestrySelective forestryControlled burnHeli-loggingReafforestationPlantation forestryBoreal forestryTropical forestryUrban forestryPlant a million treesEnvironmental forestryForest aestheticsForest restorationAnalog forestryEcological forestryHistory of forestry lawUnited StatesForest Reserve Act of 1891Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 required multiple use of federal forest landOrganic Act of 1897Right of Way Act of 1901 - An Act Relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands. H.R. 11973Transfer Act of 1905 - An Act Providing for the transfer of forest reserves from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture. H.R. 8460, Public Resolution No. 34American Antiquities Act of 1906Appropriations Act Forbidding Further National Forests and renaming Forest Reserves to National Forests 1907 H.R. 24815, Public Act No. 242:2Hong KongForests and Countryside Ordinance (1997)IndiaIndian Forest Act, 1927Forest Rights Act (India) – an historic law passed in 2006 protecting the rights of scheduled tribes and other forest dwellersInternationalInternational Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994Forest rightsRight of Way Act of 1901, USA, relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands. H.R. 11973Forest Rights Act (India)History of forestry agenciesCanadian Forest Service (Canada)Indian Forest Service (India)Corpo Forestale dello Stato (Italy)Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)Korea Forest Service (S. Korea)CONAFOR Comisión Nacional Forestal (Mexico)New Zealand Forest Service (NZ)Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)Forestry Commission (United Kingdom)United States Forest Service, History of the United States Forest Service (USA)History of forestry organizationsHistory of the European Forest InstituteHistory of the Food and Agriculture OrganizationHistory of the Forest History SocietyHistory of the Forest Stewardship CouncilHistory of the International Tropical Timber OrganizationHistory of the International Union of Forest Research OrganizationsHistory of the Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales, and North IrelandHistory of the Society of American ForestersHistory of forestry educationHistory of forestry education in ChinaHistory of forestry education in EuropeHistory of forestry education in AustriaHistory of forestry education in FranceHistory of forestry education in GermanyHistory of forestry education in RussiaHistory of forestry education in the United KingdomHistory of forestry education in IndiaHistory of forestry education in JapanHistory of forestry education in the United StatesHistory of forestry schoolsBiltmore Forest School, near Asheville, North Carolina – the first school of forestry in North AmericaFrench National School of Forestry, Nancy, est. 1824History of the Imperial Forestry Institute at OxfordHistory of the New York State College of Forestry – the first four-year college of forestry in North AmericaHistory of the Pennsylvania Forestry AcademyImperial Forestry School, Dehadrun, IndiaMining and Forestry Academy, Schemnitz, Austria-HungaryRoyal Saxon Academy of ForestrySaint Petersburg Forestry InstituteHistory of forestry as a professionHistory of forestry researchForest Research Institute MalaysiaForest Products Laboratory USAHistory of forestry conferencesFirst International Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1884World Forestry Congress – the largest and most significant gathering of the world forestry sector, held since 1926 under the auspices of the FAOIUFRO World CongressHistory of forestry science and technology
History of silvicultureHistory of forestry technologyHistory of the chainsawHistory of the crosscut sawHistory of the mechanization of forestryUse of remote sensing in forestryUse of computer modeling in forestryForest research institutes – formal forest (or forestry) research institutes around the worldForestry technical schools – specializing in technical or practical training in forestryForestry universities and colleges – institutions worldwide providing graduate and/or undergraduate education leading to a degree in forestryHistoric schools of forestry – schools of forestry throughout historyList of forestry ministries – government forestry agencies, by countryASEAN-ROK Forest CooperationAvoided Deforestation PartnersCenter for International Forestry ResearchCoalition for Rainforest NationsCollaborative Partnership on ForestsCommonwealth Forestry AssociationCommunity Forestry InternationalCongo Basin Forest PartnershipConservation InternationalEuropean Arboricultural CouncilFERNForest Peoples ProgrammeForest Stewardship CouncilThe Forest TrustForestry Information CentreForests MonitorFoundation for Environmental EducationGlobal Forest CoalitionGlobal Forest Information ServiceGlobal Forest Information SystemInternational Analog Forestry NetworkInternational Association of Students in Agricultural and Related SciencesInternational Forestry Students' AssociationInternational Society of ArboricultureInternational Tropical Timber OrganizationInternational Union for Conservation of NatureInternational Union of Forest Research OrganizationsNICOL Forests UKPlant A Tree Today FoundationProgramme for the Endorsement of Forest CertificationRainforest Action NetworkRainforest AllianceRainforest Foundation FundRECOFTC – The Center for People and ForestsResource Extraction MonitoringRoundtable on Sustainable Palm OilSustainable Forestry InitiativeTaiga Rescue NetworkTrees 4 ChildrenTropenbos InternationalUnited Nations REDD ProgrammeUnited Nations Forum on ForestsWorld Rainforest MovementList of forestry journals – academic journals in forestry and related fieldsJohn Evelyn (1620–1706) – known for his knowledge of trees, and his treatise Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber (1664)Henrik Dávid Wilckens (1763–1832) – Austro-Hungarian founder of the Schemnitz Forestry Institute, 1809, later to become the Mining and Forestry Academy, in what today is Banská Štiavnica, SlovakiaHeinrich Cotta (1763-1844) – German silviculturist and pioneer of modern scientific forestry, founder of the Royal Saxon Academy of ForestryGeorg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) – prominent forest manager, author, and founder of one of the first dedicated schools of forestry in Europe; affiliated in his later years with the University of BerlinAlfonse Romanovich Vargas de Bedemar (1816-1902) – "one of the founders of the Russian school of forest mensuration"Franklin B. Hough, MD (1822–1885) – chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the "father of American forestry"Sir Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – considered the "father of tropical forestry"Sir William Schlich (1840-1925) – founder of Oxford University's forestry programBernhard Fernow (1851–1923) – laid the groundwork for the United States Forest Service, founding dean of the first professional forestry school in the United StatesGifford Pinchot (1865–1946) – first chief of the United States Forest Service and proponent of the Wise Use MovementCarl A. Schenck (1868–1955) – responsible for incorporating German scientific management techniques into American forest management, and founder of Biltmore Forest School, the first forestry school in the United StatesKároly Bund (1869–1931) – early academic and practical forester whose work in the Hungarian National Forestry Association increased treeplanting and intensified efforts to protect natural forests, indigenous tree species, and forestry workers in Austria–HungaryRobert Scott Troup (1874–1939) – founder of Oxford's Imperial Forestry InstituteTheodore Salisbury Woolsey, Jr. (1880–1933) – used scientific forestry to help France address timber shortages during World War IAldo Leopold (1887–1948) – cofounder of The Wilderness Society along with Robert Marshall (below), prominent naturalist writer and environmental ethicistKenneth Dupee Swan (1887–1970) – notable photographer for the USDA Forest ServiceBob Marshall (1901–1939) – cofounder of The Wilderness Society, which helped pass the Wilderness Act, which created the first legal definition of wilderness and conserved some 9,100,000 acres (37,000 km2) of national forest land in the United StatesWalter Bitterlich (1908–2008) – world-renowned Austrian scientist, best known for the invention of variable plot samplingJack C. Westoby (1913–1988) – Chief Forester, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, "father of world forestry"Sakari Pinomäki (1933–2011) – pioneer of mechanized forest harvesting vehicles, decreasing the time required for harvesting and risk to loggersStephen C. Sillett (1968–) – revolutionized the approach and methodology of studying plant and animal life in old growth canopies of large treesBotany – study of plant life and development that explains the biological basis of trees, such as structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to disease, and chemical propertiesConservation biology – conscientious management of forests can preserve or enhance biodiversity of dependent speciesDendrochronology – method of scientific dating based on the analyses of tree-ring growth patterns, analysis of long-lived individual trees can provide insight into climatic conditions of the pastEcology – whose principles are the main scientific basis of forestryEcophysiology – study of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions that explains the success of a particular tree species' growth, reproduction, survival, and abundanceForest history – documents natural and human history of forests and forest useNatural resource management – brings together planning, management, conservation and sustainability of human use of natural resources, including forestsRural sociology – studies human perceptions, interactions and use of forests and associated resourcesSoil science – physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil greatly determines the success of tree species and individuals 
