Diego Luis de San Vitores

Early life

A son of a nobleman, he was baptised Diego Jerónimo de San Vitores y Alonso de Maluendo. He was born on November 12, 1627 in the city of Burgos, Spain to Don Jerónimo de San Vitores and Doña María Alonso Maluenda. His parents attempted to persuade him to pursue a military career, but San Vitores instead chose to pursue his religious interests. In 1640, he entered the Jesuit novitiate and was ordained a priest in 1651. San Vitores was granted his request for a mission in the Philippines.

In 1662, San Vitores stopped in Guam on the way to the Philippines and vowed to return. Three years later, through his close ties to the royal court, he persuaded King Philip IV of Spain and Queen Maria Ana of Austria to order a mission in Guam be established.

Mission to Guam

In 1668, San Vitores set sail from Acapulco to Guam. San Vitores called the Chamorro archipelago "Islas Marianas" (Mariana Islands) in honour of the Queen Regent of Spain, Maria Ana of Austria, and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The missionary landed on Guam in the village of Hagåtña and was greeted by Chief Kepuha. Kepuha's family donated land to establish the first Catholic mission on Guam. On February 2, 1669 Padre San Vitores established the first Catholic Church in Hagåtña and dedicated it to "the sweet name of Mary," "Dulce Nombre de Maria."

According to former journalist and Guampedia editor, Tanya Champaco Mendiola: "The Chamorros initially welcomed San Vitores and the other Catholic missionaries and hundreds were readily converted. The nobles of the community may have believed this would elevate their social status while others village chiefs desired priests for their own village, probably as symbols of status. Some islanders apparently also received the sacrament of baptism more than once for the gifts of beads and clothing they were given. This enthusiasm for Catholicism did not last long, however, as several factors quickly came into play including the conflicts it created in the hierarchal caste system of the Chamorros. The church preached that once baptized, people were equal in the eyes of God. The missionary’s dogmatic zeal was also not well received as the Jesuits shunned long-standing traditional beliefs and practices in trying to assimilate the Chamorros in Christian doctrine. This included the rejection of the Chamorros long standing veneration of ancestors. As part of the religious practices of Chamorro culture, people had the skulls of deceased family members placed in baskets in places of honor in their homes. The Chamorros believed that this allowed their deceased to have a place to stay and often sought the guidance of their ancestors and favors from them in their daily endeavors. The missionaries told the Chamorros that their ancestors (including parents and grandparents) were burning in hell because they had not been baptized as Christians."

The destruction of venerated ancestral skulls is often cited as a grave and insensitive offense by the missionaries against the indigenous Chamorro people.

After Chief Kepuha's death in 1669, Spanish missionary and Chamorro relations worsened and the Chamorro - Spanish War began in 1671, led on the Chamorro side by Maga'låhi (Chief) Hurao. After several attacks on the Spanish mission, a peace was negotiated. Though San Vitores claimed to want to emulate Saint Francis Xavier, who did not use soldiers in his missionization efforts in India, as his model priest, he also felt that a military presence would be necessary to protect the priests serving Guam [CITATION NEEDED]. In 1672, San Vitores ordered Churches built in four villages, including Merizo. Later that year, Chamorro resistance increased.

Death

On 2 April 1672, Spanish priestly records state that a conflict between Maga'låhi Mata'pang of Tomhum and Hirao (commonly mistaken, but not the same person as the Maga'låhi Hurao) and San Vitores and his Visayan assistant, Pedro Calungsod, over baptizing an infant child of Mata'pang, resulted in the deaths of San Vitores and Calungsod.

According to Victoria-Lola Leon Guerrero and Nicholas Quinata, "At first a Christian convert, Matå’pang eventually rejected Christianity, along with many other Chamorros, because he saw that it was being used as a tool to control his people and obliterate Chamorro traditions and beliefs. Since he had already been baptized and was thought to have been cured from an illness by San Vitores, the Spanish hoped to bring Matå’pang back to the church. San Vitores used the birth of Matå’pang’s daughter to approach the Tomhom leader. On April 2, 1672, San Vitores, along with Pedro Calungsod (also spelled Calangsor), a man who had served with the priest for four years, entered Matå’pang’s home without permission with the intention of baptizing his daughter. Matå’pang was infuriated by their actions, particularly because it was thought by many Chamorros that the baptismal water was poisonous. The priests had been known to spit in the water, and many of the children and elderly who had been baptized died shortly after. Matå’pang was also upset that the priests had disregarded the sacredness of entering a maga’låhi’s home. He had grown tired of San Vitores’ continuous disrespect for Chamorro traditions and beliefs. Since his arrival, San Vitores conducted daily baptisms on children without their parents’ permission."

An Infographic (Rappler, 10/21/2012) on the life of Calungsod states that "Calungsod’s group is blamed for babies who got ill allegedly due to baptism.” There is evidence that there was an introduction of new diseases – measles and smallpox, previously non-existent in the islands, and brought in by the Spaniards themselves. The Chamorros had no natural immunity to these, had no knowledge of the diseases, and had almost no access to any medical care by physicians. Then there are also cases of infertility due to venereal diseases which was brought by Spanish soldiers. (Destiny’s Landfall, by Robert Rogers. p71.) Two people with active cases of tuberculosis arrived on Guam with San Vitores.

The death of the Spanish mission leader led to violent military reprisals against Chamorro leaders, both male and female, who had decided to defend their power from Spanish subjugation. Bounties were offered for these chiefs and many were hunted down [citation needed]. Under Spanish military governors, some Chamorro people were massacred in their villages [citation needed]. European plagues and warfare contributed to the deaths of uncounted numbers of the indigenous people; some scholars estimate a precipitous population drop from around 200,000 to 40,000 in only two generations, but numbers may be different as the records from the time are uncertain. Eventually, Spanish control over the islands was complete. The Chamorro - Spanish Wars lasted more than 25 years.

Academic Critiques

Vince Diaz focuses on San Vitores, the canonization movement, and San Vitores's legacy of "mass destruction" among the indigenous peoples of the Marianas in his book Repositioning the Missionary.

Cynthia Ross Wiecko describes San Vitores and other Jesuit missionaries as "agents of empire": "Using the lens of ecological change brings Jesuits into a different perspective, one where it is difficult to see them as heroes. Although the socially disruptive effects of militarization and forced catholicization were immediately visible, the two forces also worked hand in hand to destroy ancient Chamorro settlements and profoundly disrupt land use patterns."

Wiecko also states: "Population estimates ranged from 35,000 to 60,000, with an estimated total Chamorro population throughout the Marianas between 40,000 and 100,000. Introduced diseases—especially smallpox, influenza, and tuberculosis—contributed to most of the decline after 1668, but deaths from the Spanish-Chamorro Wars certainly played a role in the indigenous population's decline as well. Reflecting the devastating blows to Guam's native population, the first official Spanish census in 1710 indicated the Chamorro population to be 3,197. At that time, twenty percent of the population lived in and around Agaña, with the remaining population spread among the other reducción villages. By 1760, the total population numbered just 1,654 and later fell to only 1,318 in 1786. This was just a shadow of the once-thriving Chamorro society Europeans first encountered. . . . The evidence here indicates that imperial dominance and catholicization shared similar roots of brutality, directly affecting changes in the landscape, settlement patterns, and land use. The combined effects of both fundamentally altered the island's people and environmental history."

Robert Haddock on A History of Health on Guam: “. . . as the Spanish eventually quelled the Chamorro rebellion, “peace” was established at the price of the extinction of a race.”

Francis X. Hezel, SJ writes: “ What began as a religious mission to proclaim the gospel of peace soon degenerated into an out-and out war of military conquest which, as the histories have it, killed off vast numbers of native Chamorros before the missionaries were finally able to make believers out of the few survivors.” (From Conversion to Conquest: the Early Spanish Mission in the Marianas, Journal of Pacific History, pp 115-137, 1982.)

Nicholas Goetzfridt states: "A good non-action example would be the Spanish non-response to massive Chamorro depopulation. The first census of 1710 revealed that—although published interpretative variations eventually find middle ground in the 3,500 range—3,539 Chamorros (the most commonly cited number) remained out of early or pre-San Vitores ‘contact’ estimates ranging from as high as 100,000 to as low as 35,000 Chamorros living in the Mariana Islands. Regardless of the unrecoverable correct number, this figure represents a massive decline in the Chamorro population that went even further after the forced centralization of Chamorros onto Guam (with the exception of a few hundred “refugees” on Rota—Underwood 1973) and into the established, church-centered enclaves of Pago, Inapsan, Inarahan (Inarajan/Inalåhan), Merizo (Malesso’), Umatac (Humåtac), and Agat (Hågat) enforced by Joseph de Quiroga y Losada following his administrative destruction of many Chamorro villages after his 1680 arrival on Guam. By the 1758 full census, only 1,711 “native Indians” remained, along with 170 soldiers and 830 “Spanish & Filipinos.” This Spanish non-action is evident in the paucity of details concerning any Spanish effort to, if not stem the tide of this decline (often linked to an impending or even realized “extinction” of Chamorros), then render some form of medical response, particularly to the several epidemics and disease outbreaks that pepper the Spanish record. To find any reference to a Spanish effort on this front is to hold a wilting moment of history that cannot be extended into the context of Spain’s centuries-long colonization of the Mariana Islands. And yet as scholarship has concerned itself with the chronological and interpretative “facts” of Guam’s history, such a blatant gap in the telling of the Spanish colonial era—extending, of course, to the northern Mariana Islands—has gone unaccounted for and has yet to materialize simply because it is not part of this regurgitated record."

Memorials

The San Vitores Martyrdom Site is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. [NEEDS CITATION]