8.8 /10 1 Votes
Original title Ζ213: ΕΞΟΔΟΣ Cover artist Dominik Ziller Series Poena Damni Originally published 2009 Original language Greek Published in english 2010 (First Edition) | 4.4/5 Goodreads Translator Shorsha Sullivan Country Greece Publisher Shoestring Press ISBN 9781910323625 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Genres World literature, Postmodernism Similar The First Death, With the People from the, Yo‑Yo Boing!, Life a User's Manual, If On A Winter's Night A Tr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Z213: Exit is the first installment of the Poena Damni trilogy by Greek author Dimitris Lyacos. Despite being first in narrative order, the book was the third to be published of the three. The work develops as a sequence of fragmented diary entries recording the solitary experiences of an unnamed, Ulysses-like persona in the course of a train voyage gradually transformed into an inner exploration of the boundaries between self and reality. The voyage is also akin to the experience of a religious quest with a variety of biblical references, mostly from the Old Testament, being embedded into the text which is often fractured and foregoing punctuation. Most critics place Z213: Exit in a postmodern context exploring relationships with such writers as Samuel Beckett and Cormac McCarthy while others underline its modernist affinities and the work's firm foundation on classical and religious texts.
Contents
Z213: Exit obliterates genre boundaries and is simultaneously a novella, a poem and a journal. In contradistinction to “factual report” works such as If this is a man by Primo Levi, the work adopts a mode of oneiric realism whereby horror is forced beneath the surface of consciousness only to emerge again in new and increasingly nightmarish forms. Oblique references to tragedies of recent human history are apparent, although, ample Biblical and mythical motives suggest a far broader project. The book can be read as the first volume of a postmodern epic.
Synopsis
The work recounts, in what reads like a personal journal, in verse form as well as in postmodern poetic prose, the wanderings of a man who escapes from a guarded building, in a nightmarish version of a post-Armageddon ambient. In the opening sections of the book, the narrator/protagonist flees from what seems like an imprisonment in a building consisting of wards and personnel and from where people are being inexplicably taken away to be thrown into pits. The fugitive leaves the "camp" to get to the nearby train station and starts a journey he records in a "found" bible-like booklet which he turns into his diary. As the journey continues a growing sense of paranoia ensues and the idea of being pursued becomes an increasingly central preoccupation. There are no pursuers to be identified, however, in the course of the journey and the supposed hunt remains a mystery until the end. The environment seems to allude to a decadent futuristic state of a totalitarian kind. The journey is mapped in an indeterminate way, though oblique references creating a feeling of a time/space vacuum. The narrator seems to be moving ahead while at the same time being engulfed in his own nightmarish fantasies. Z213: Exit ends with a description of a sacrifice where the protagonist and a "hungry band feasting" roast a lamb on a spit, cutting and skinning its still bleating body and removing its entrails as if observing a sacred rite. The mood is enhanced by the overriding waste-land setting, which could be (it is never explicit) the result of a war that has left the landscape in ruins. The general impression is reminiscent of a spiritual quest or an eschatological experience.
Title
The title of the book seems to present a case of overdetermination, and a variety of proposals by scholars and reviewers alike have been made, pointing at different directions within the text. There is a general impression that, given the book’s content as an escapee’s fictional diary, Z213 could indicate inmate unique number, ward or section in a supposed detention center. A number of other interpretations have been suggested as follows:
Themes
The work revolves around a variety of interconnected themes, with the quest and the scapegoat, in both its social and its religious dimension, being predominant preoccupations. Through the escape and gradual alienation of the book’s main character fleeing from a structure that is presented as a sort of confinement, an individual is shown to be the putative victim of a persecuting order. This is complicated further by the underlying trauma of a real – or imagined – social collapse whose details unfold in the course of the narrator’s voyage. Exposure outside the limits of a familiar world is also detrimental to the composure of both self and reality which the narrator/author must reestablish. Banishment brings with it the strife to reconstruct a familiar universe, through formation of new and assimilation of, at times, incomprehensible, nightmarish or hallucinatory experiences. Reinventing a "personal reality", relating to others and seeking a metaphysically firm foundation are major concerns leading to existential angst and a growing sense of paranoia. Simultaneously, there is an effort to reach an absent God who seems to constantly recede away from the protagonist’s reach, evoking experiences described by mystics of negative theology, Dante's Inferno and The Book of Job.
Style
Beginning in medias res, Z213: Exit builds a sort of unsolvable lore around its narrator/protagonist, alternating poetry and prose in order to represent his inner thoughts and experiences. Poetic tropes combine interchangeably with an almost telegraphic style omitting articles and conjunctions, while using the rhetorics of diary form; mainly colloquial, with violations and distortions of grammar. Free-floating sentences and lacunae form occasionally a broken unstructured syntax, seemingly tight but leaving enough loopholes through which subconscious fears are expressed. At the same time, there is rhythmic use of language creating a musicality in the midst of despair.
It has been noted that Z213: Exit exhibits the deep structure of tragedy - instead of its formal characteristics - and has thus been called a post-tragic work. Religious and visionary images as well as a biblical style of language, predominate with the Old Testament (mostly Torah), and various ancient Greek texts being recurrent reference points. Sometimes external sources are amended and seamlessly integrated into the text becoming part of the protagonist's narrative. On the linguistic level the text itself creates a fragmented landscape thus depicting the fracture of temporal and spatial relations within the universe unraveled in the course of the journey. Ultimately, the text seems to obtain its own independent status, to consider, arrange and re-arrange itself.
Publication history and reception
The original Greek version (Greek title: Z213: ΕΞΟΔΟΣ) was first published in 2009. The English translation by Shorsha Sullivan appeared in 2010 by Shoestring Press, followed by a second revised edition in 2016, to a large number of unanimously positive reviews. Critic Michael O' Sullivan hailed the book as "a wonderfully dark yet enticing description of what might be described as a philosophy of exits and entrances" and as "sitting comfortably among such works as Kafka's "Before the Law" and Beckett's short poem "My way is in the sand flowing". Literature critic and Robinson Jeffers scholar Robert Zaller considered the book as "one of the most important and challenging literary works to come from Greece in the past generation". The work is regarded as a characteristic exponent of the fragmentation technique in contemporary literature while at the same time perceived as an inheritor of epic poetry, molding the ancient storytelling tradition to a post-modern idiom. Z213: EXIT belongs to the canon of postmodern texts published in the new millennium and Lyacos' s Poena Damni trilogy is, arguably, the most significant Greek work in the course of postmodern literature and drama history. Commercially, the book has been one of the best-selling titles of contemporary Greek poetry in English translation. A new, revised version (ISBN 9781910323625) appeared in October 2016.