William Evans Gordon

Early life

William Eden Evans Gordon was born in Chatham, Kent, the youngest son of Major-General Charles Spalding Evans Gordon (19 September 1813–18 January 1901) and his first wife, Catherine Rose (23 July 1815 – 1858), daughter of Rev. Dr. Alexander Rose, D.D., a Presbyterian minister of Inverness. William was the youngest of seven children. See also Family tree below.

His mother died in 1858, soon after he was born. He was educated at Cheltenham College (entering in October 1870 at the same time as his older brother Charles [Jr.]), and at the Royal Military College, where he was an unattached Sub-Lieutenant on 15 July 1876.

Political career in India

William Evans-Gordon was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 67th Foot on 15 January 1877. He transferred on 3 July to the Madras Staff Corps of the Indian Army, attached to the 41st Madras Native Infantry in 1880 as Wing Officer and Quartermaster. From November 1881— December 1883 he was extra ADC to the Governor of Madras, M. E. Grant Duff, serving as Wing Officer and Quartermaster in 1883 with the 8th Madras Native Infantry. In 1884, Evans Gordon served under the Foreign Department attached to 1st Regt. Central India Horse (Mayne's Horse) in Guna.

During the joint Russo-British Afghan Boundary Commission 1885–1887 under Colonel Joseph West Ridgeway he was busy working as Boundary Settlement Officer and Assistant in charge of Banswara State and Pratapgarh; as an Attaché of the Indian Foreign Dept. he worked on translating documents into French and German, apparently for the uniformed but 'unofficial' military observers from those countries. He had charge of the Frontier branch of the Foreign Dept., and collated the Boundary Commission's documentation.

From 1884–88 he was Assistant Secretary during the greater part of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin's tenure, accompanying the Viceroy on his tours, and translating at his interviews with Indian princely rulers. In 1885 Evans Gordon was back with the 8th Madras Regt. in Saugor as Officiating 3rd Class Political Assistant, and the following year he was attached to the Foreign Department of the Indian Government.

In September 1886 Evans Gordon accompanied the Foreign Secretary of the Indian Government (Sir Mortimer Durand) up the military road being built through the Khyber Pass by Colonel Robert Warburton, to the new fort at Landi Kotal. The Durand Line remains the international boundary between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan.

On 15 July 1887 William Evans Gordon was promoted Captain in the Indian Staff Corps, as Assistant Secretary at the Foreign Department from 1888–92. As political officer in 1888 he was prominently connected with negotiations for the surrender of Ghazi Ayub Khan, who eight years before had defeated a British army at the Battle of Maiwand during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and had laid siege to Khandahar. He sought refuge in Persia, where he entered into negotiations with Sir Mortimer Durand, now ambassador at Teheran. Evans-Gordon took charge of him on his arrival in India and escorted him and his entourage from Karachi to Rawalpindi.

He was appointed Joint-Commissioner in Ladakh in 1889 (where he was described as "an energetic and able officer"), and Assistant Resident in the recently annexed Jammu and Kashmir in November 1890, ruled by Maharaja Pratap Singh. During his Indian furloughs he travelled in many parts of the East, and penetrated some distance into Tibet in 1891. He accomplished a remarkable ride on horseback from Leh to Srinagar, 250 miles, in 33 hours; crossed three passes of the Himalayas at around 13,500 ft.; covered the distance, 152 miles, in 37 hours

He was political officer in attendance on the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III when he travelled to Europe in 1894. In March 1895 he was appointed Officiating Political Resident in Jhalawar State (a subdivision of the Rajputana Agency during the British Raj) Evans-Gordon was promoted Major on 15 July 1896.

In 1896 he was also connected with the deposition of the Maharaja of Jhalawar, Rana Zalim Singh, for which he was criticized in Parliament, though the Secretary of State asserted that the Political Agent had acted with "discretion and tolerance".

He retired on pension on 13 May 1897, and on 17 February 1900 was appointed a Major in the Reserve of Officers. he was awarded the Legion of Honour, Reserve of Offs., 4th Class, on 17 February 1900.

The Times of India Illustrated Weekly of 5 September 1906 reported that in Kashmir, at Ladakh, and in attendance on the Gaekwar in Europe, he "won the trust and esteem of all the chiefs and magistrates with whom he was brought into relation."

Political career in Britain

Photo of Wiliam Evans-Gordon outside the House of Commons, National Portrait Gallery, CC 3. 0 licence.

Background

The Stepney constituency, one of the poorest districts of London, saw in a rise in immigration during the late 19th century and early 20th century, partially as a result of the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire As far back as 1889 a House of Commons Committee had concluded that there was an increase in pauperism in the East End of London due to the crowding out of English labour in foreign immigrants.

In July 1894 Lord Rosebery proposed a Bill in the House of Lords designed to reform the current legislation on aliens, although it was withdrawn in August 1894 after its second reading. Restrictionism came to be a notable canvassing topic in the 1892 and 1895 General Elections,; and the recently-succeeded Earl of Hardwicke proposed a similar Aliens Bill in 1898. In 1898, a year after William Evans-Gordon left the Army, a by-election was held in Stepney after the sudden death of the standing Tory MP Frederick W. Isaacson. Evans-Gordon stood as the Conservative candidate, but lost to the Liberal journalist W. C. Steadman by 20 votes.

MP for Stepney

Evans-Gordon was elected as MP for Stepney on an anti-alien platform in the 1900 general election and held the seat until 1907. Along with the somewhat older Howard Vincent, he was among the first MPs to arouse public opposition to immigration. Although the growing sense of anti-alien feeling found expression in certain localised quarters of the franchised electorate, the primary issues in the 1900 poll were a desire to end the Second Boer War (hence the nickname), and the vexed question of Home rule for Ireland.

After his election William Evans-Gordon became the brains and driving force behind the British Brothers League (BBL) – an anti-alien pressure group formed in Stepney in May 1901 – although he took care to front the League with one William Stanley Shaw, an unimportant City clerk who was its first president. Howard Vincent (MP for Sheffield Central since 1885) and several East End Conservative MPs – Murray Guthrie, Spencer Charrington and Thomas Dewar – became members of the League.

Evans-Gordon became known as one of the most vocal critics of aliens at the time, commenting that 'a storm is brewing which, if it is allowed to burst, will have deplorable results'. Once elected he continued his theme of anti-immigrant rhetoric, claiming in 1902 that 'not a day passes but English families are ruthlessly turned out to make room for foreign invaders. The rates are burdened with the education of thousands of foreign children.'

Evans-Gordon and the BBL were instrumental in setting up a Royal Commission on immigration of which he was a member.

Over a two-month period Evans-Gordon travelled extensively in Eastern Europe, finding out at first hand about the highly restrictive conditions imposed on Jews in the Pale of Settlement and in Rumania His book (with map) about his fact-finding mission, The Alien Immigrant (Evans-Gordon 1903) is an even-handed account of his research. In the first chapter, it highlights the apparent concern of the British Board of Deputies for (and sometimes antipathy towards) the refugees from foreign shores. Although it contains some gratuitous low-level antisemitism, the book in general disinterestedly records the situation of the Jews, at one point favourably comparing conditions of the poor of Libau to the "horrors of the East End." On the other hand, the conditions of hand-loom workers in Łódź moved him to this description:

The industry is carried on under appalling conditions. I shall never forget the places in which I saw this work being done. It would need the pen of a Zola to describe them. Three or four looms were crammed into one room with as many families. I have never, even in Vilna or the East of London, seen human beings condemned to live in such surroundings. They had the appearance of half-starved consumptives.

The last chapter contains examples of other unwelcome aliens, such as organised gangs of German robbers. The book was dedicated "To my friend Edward Steinkopff", who bought the deep blue St. James's Gazette in 1886. The St. James Gazette under its new owner may have been connected with the start of a new Anti-Alienism movement in the press in 1886.

The book was used in the evidence that he presented to the Aliens Commission in its inquiries. This eventually resulted in the Aliens Act 1905 which placed restrictions on Eastern European immigration, although discussion of the Bill in Parliament provoked considerable opposition. Winston Churchill was MP for Manchester North West, where one third of his constituents were Jewish. Like his father Lord Randolph Churchill, Churchill bucked the trend of widespread antisemitism in the British upper classes, and actively opposed the Aliens Bill. In an open letter to Nathan Laski (a prominent member of the Jewish community in his constituency and father of Harold Laski), Churchill quoted a speech by Lord Rothschild, a Liberal supporter and member of the Aliens Commission:

"The Bill introduced into the House of Commons proposes to establish in this country a loathsome system of police interference and espionage, of passports and arbitrary power exercised by police officers who in all probability will not understand the language of those upon whom they are called to sit in judgement. This is all contrary to the recommendations proposed by the Royal Commission. [...] The whole bill looks like an attempt on the part of the Government to gratify a small but noisy section of their own supporters and to purchase a little popularity in the constituencies by dealing harshly with a number of unfortunate aliens who have no votes."

A committed Zionist, Churchill crossed the floor of the House of Commons on the day the letter appeared.

Despite the repeated denials of Arnold White and Evans-Gordon, anti-semitism was a central element of the campaign for the Aliens Bill 1900–1905. The indigent refugees from Russia, Rumania and Poland had further defenders in Parliament, such as Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet, Liberal MP for Elland who – speaking against the Aliens Bill in 1904 – said:

"Among many people already — not many in this House, but many people outside of it — there is a frankly anti-Semitic movement, and I deplore it. I believe this is an evil step in the same direction as the Governments of Russia and Rumania have been going. It may be that it is not intended, but the action of many Members of this House has been calculated to excite the feeling which we know to exist in part of our population, and with the case of the persecution of Dreyfus reverberating through the West of Europe there is no use saying that there is no danger of this kind in our own country. I think it is a fortunate thing that we have been peculiarly free from any anti-Semitic movement in England, and we have not lost by it. We have had statesmen, manufacturers, merchants, and the like who themselves, or their predecessors, came to this country as aliens exactly as do those people you now wish to exclude. It seems to me a useless and short-sighted, and at this moment very largely an inhuman policy, to keep out those who may, after all, be like those of whom I have just spoken."

In his 1905 election address, Evans-Gordon laid stress on the recently passed Aliens Act, which he had been greatly instrumental in carrying. He proceeds to explain his position with regard to the Jews.

"It has been falsely asserted that the Aliens Act is aimed against the Jewish people, and that I have been actuated by anti-Semitism. I will not stoop to repudiate such charges. No man views with greater horror and indignation than I the recent barbarous and indescribable massacres of Jews in Russia. But in expressing my deep sympathy with the victims of this most terrible persecution I am bound to repeat my conviction that the solution of the Jewish problem in Eastern Europe will not and cannot be found in the transference of thousands of poverty-stricken and helpless aliens to the most crowded quarters and overstocked markets of our greatest cities. It will be found in the statesmanlike scheme of the Jewish Territorialist Organization for the inauguration of which we are indebted to the genius and patriotism of Mr. Israel Zangwill."

Vincent and Evans-Gordon successfully "stampeded their party into introducing laws to keep the foreigner out." Although a section of the Conservative party had managed to persuade the Commons to pass anti-Jewish legislation, after only six months the Liberals had a landslide election victory in 1906. Although the Aliens Act was not repealed by the incoming Liberal government, the law was not strictly enforced. Evans Gordon held on to his seat amid the general Tory defeat, and continued to campaign for further anti-immigration legislation. In his successful bid for re-election in 1906, he spoke against the Sinti (German Gypsies) who were trying to settle in England; and, borrowing the slogan of the BBL, he campaigned with the slogan 'England for the English and Major Gordon for Stepney'.

Despite this, Evans Gordon's anti-Semitism has been questioned as he was a supporter of Zionism and kept up regular correspondence with Chaim Weizmann who would later write of him:

I think our people were rather hard on him. The Aliens Bill in England and the movement which grew around it were natural phenomenon which might have been foreseen...Sir William Evans-Gordon had no particular anti-Jewish prejudices...he was sincerely ready to encourage any settlement of Jews almost anywhere in the British Empire but he failed to see why the ghettoes of London or Leeds should be made into a branch of the ghettoes of Warsaw and Pinsk [...] Sir William Evans-Gordon gave me some insight into the psychology of the settled citizen.

Evans-Gordon received a knighthood in 1905.

Other parliamentary business

Pilotage Bill 1903

Evans-Gordon was one of the sponsors of the Pilotage Bill 1903, which dealt with Pilotage Certificates. Although the bill was read a second time in May 1906, it was withdrawn.

Anglo-French Festival 1905

During the Anglo-French Festival 1904 to celebrate the Entente Cordiale, Evans-Gordon apparently proposed an unprecedented multiple joint gathering in Westminster Hall, London, in August.

Retirement

On 1 May 1907 William Evans Gordon resigned from the Commons and retired from politics. See List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds.

He died suddenly on 31 October 1913(1913-10-31) (aged 56) at his home at 4 Chelsea Embankment, London. A notice of his memorial service appeared in The Times

He was the owner of a 24 hp Thornycroft Phaeton, delivered on 1 June 1906.

Clubs: Carlton, Boodle's, Naval & Military, Orleans.

Family life

In 1892 Captain William Evans Gordon married Julia Charlotte Sophia Stewart (b. 21 June 1846) (Julia, Marchioness of Tweeddale), daughter of Lt.-Colonel Keith William Stewart Mackenzie (9 May 1818 – ? June 1881) and of Hannah Charlotte Hope Vere.

Julia was previously twice married: firstly (as his second wife, on 8 October 1873) to the Right Hon. Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale, d. 1878; without issue. Secondly, in 1887 she married (as his second wife), the Right Hon. Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet, GCMG, of Queensgate, London, who died in 1888; without issue. Her third marriage to William Evans Gordon was also without issue.

Julia was the sister of James Stewart-Mackenzie, 1st Baron Seaforth, who fought with the 9th Lancers during the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878–1880 (later Colonel of the regiment), and was later military secretary to M. E. Grant Duff. He married the daughter of Edward Steinkopff, owner of the St James's Gazette and dedicatee of Evans-Gordon's The Alien Immigrant.

Family tree

Major-General Charles Spalding Evans-Gordon (1813–1901)

William Evans Gordon's father. Brief Army career: Ensign 76th Regiment Oct 1832; Lieut. 1836?; Capt. Dec 1842; Major 1854; exchanged to 23rd Foot Lt-Col. 1 April 1860. He served in the 76th Regiment (from 1832 – 1854 (Major) – 1860) which was on general overseas service, arriving in Malta in May 1851 and was then stationed in Dublin, where he was Town Major from September 1864. In 1871 he was Commandant and Governor of the Royal Victoria Military Hospital Netley, the largest military hospital in its day with 138 wards housing about one thousand beds. His crest was a demi-savage holding in his right hand an ear of wheat proper with the Latin motto Tam pace quam praelio (As much peace as battle). He lived in later life at Preston Cottage, Ightham, Sevenoaks, Kent. Charles S. S. Evans Gordon married firstly Catherine (Kate) Rose, on 14 July 1841. They had had seven children, see below. Catherine Evans Gordon died in 1858, "abroad" – possibly in Dublin, where Charles was stationed as a captain, or as Town Major. Charles Evans Gordon married secondly, on 28 June 1866, Anne Dunville (Jr.) (c1840 – 31 July 1891), apparently using Samuel as his first name. Anne Dunville's family owned Dunville & Co, whiskey distillers of N. Ireland.

Children of Charles S. S. Evans Gordon and Catherine Rose

Some of these dates, especially those shown with only a year, may be incorrect.

1. Henry Evans Gordon (1842–1909) Member of London Stock Exchange. Married May Sartoris, see Pamela Stanley.§ For their children, see "Kemble family tree". Retrieved 28 April 2015. 
2. Frances Catherine Evans Gordon 1844–1917
3. Major Alexander Evans Gordon, BSC (b.30 July 1845) Brief Army career: Ensign 1865 12th Foot (Suffolks); Lieut 1869; Capt 1877; Major 1885 In 1881 he married Helen Frances Garth, the daughter of the Chief Justice of Bengal, Sir Richard Garth. Their children:
   1. Col. Kenmure Alick Garth Evans-Gordon (b.1885). Indian Army (Central India Horse) and political agent;; Marjorie; Madeline; Jean; and Joan Evans-Gordon.
4. George Grant Evans Gordon (b.12 March 1847) A partner in § Gladstone Wyllie & Co., Calcutta.
5. Jessica Evans Gordon (1852–1887) In 1875 she married Tommy Bowles (who founded Vanity Fair and is thus the cause of the 'Spy' cartoon which greeted you); she had her picture or sketch done by James Tissot.
   1. Jessica & Tommy Bowles's daughter Sydney Bowles married David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale; they were the parents of the Mitford sisters, and particularly Diana Mitford (1910–2002) (William's great-niece), who married Sir Oswald Mosley (1896–1980)
6. Lt.-Col. ("General") Charles Evans Gordon (28 June 1855 – 3 September 1922), CO 49th Foot (Royal Berks, 49th–66th), hon. Maj-General in army of Gaekwad of Baroda. Brief Army career: 2nd Lieu Dec 1868 49th Foot, Capt. April 1861, Major 1889, Lt-Col Jan 1899, CO 49th Foot (Royal Berks, 49th–66th) Egyptian Campaign (Deputy-Asst.-Commissary-General) 1882, Sudan 1885. Although he ended his days in the British Army as a Lieutenant-Colonel, he was appointed general in the army of the fabulously rich Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III. William Evans Gordon, Charles' younger brother, accompanied the Maharaja to Europe in 1894. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Evans Gordon married Louisa Gordon Stirling (23 January 1872 – 8 December 1949) on 1 November 1913.
7. William Eden Evans Gordon (8 August 1857 – 31 October 1913)

Gladstone Wyllie & Co., Calcutta

Gladstone Wyllie & Co. was a trading firm of Calcutta Merchants, the parent company ran slaves on their sugar plantations in the W. Indies. The senior partner was Robertson Gladstone (15th Nov 1805 – 23rd Sep 1875), brother of the Prime Minister WE Gladstone. He invested in railways in Britain; and traded in both West (sugar) and East Indies. Gladstone Wyllie were the agents for John Lean & Sons, Scottish manufacturers of cotton & muslin textiles (and later rayon) until 1960. Connections between WE Gladstone and his brother Robertson Gladstone; William Evans-Gordon and his brother George; and ME Grant Duff (the son of James Duff (Captain in East India Co.'s Army, Resident of Satara). Under-Secretary of State for India (1868–74) and for the Colonies (1880–81) and Governor of Madras (1881–1883).

William Evans Gordon was Asst. ADC to M. E. Grant Duff, who was appointed Governor of Madras by his friend W. E. Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister. Gladstone had an older brother, Robertson Gladstone, who was senior partner in Gladstone, Hay, Wyllie & Company, a Liverpool import/export firm of merchants and traders. The firm did very well out of the slave and sugar trade in the West Indies. Its Calcutta offices of Gladstone Wyllie & Co. did well out of shipping cotton to Scotland be woven and manufactured before being shipped back to India for sale. One of the partners in Calcutta was George Evans Gordon, William's brother. Is all.

Grant Duff was a friend of W. E. Gladstone, who was re-elected as Prime Minister in 1880; Duff was first appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and then in June 1881 he was appointed Governor of Madras.

W. E. Gladstone's older brother was Robertson Gladstone, the senior partner of Gladstone, Hay, Wyllie & Company, Liverpool merchants. This firm had a branch in India (Gladstone Wyllie & Co., Calcutta) where one of William's older brothers – George Evans Gordon (b. 12 March 1847) – also happened to be a partner.

Gladstone Wyllie of Calcutta were the main agents for John Lean & Sons, a Scottish firm which used imported raw cotton from India to manufacture muslin textiles, which were then exported back to India. Lean & Son later made rayon for export to India until 1960. Robertson Gladstone also had considerable mercantile interests in the West Indies importing sugar to Liverpool from his own plantations in the West Indies and Mauritius; he was furthermore a partner in Heywood's Bank, Liverpool. He invested in a number of railways in Britain and was Deputy Chairman of the Grand Junction Railway. The Return of Owners of Land of 1872 states that he owned 142 acres worth £2478 p.a. Some of this was probably urban property in Liverpool, which he was known to have owned (quoted Source: Rubinstein 1875/52). He was also Mayor of Liverpool, and left £120,000 at his death.

Thus are George and William Evans Gordon connected in India with M. E. Grant Duff; and with William and Robertson Gladstone in England.

To hyphenate or not?

William Evans-Gordon's father, an hon. Major-General, was born Charles Samuel Spalding Evans, and changed his name to Evans-Gordon (after his maternal grandmother Jean née Gordon) in 1846, although he was often referred to and addressed as Charles Evans Gordon (or – confusingly – Samuel Evans Gordon after he remarried in 1866. In the Army Lists, his name appears as e.g., 'Gordon, Major Charles S. S. Evans', and his sons mostly likewise.

Certainly in earlier life, William Evans Gordon was generally unhyphenatedly referred to as e.g. 'Major Evans Gordon'. He seems to have hyphenated his name from c1898 on his return from India. In literary references to him (except his own book, which was 'By Major W. Evans-Gordon, M. P.'); in Army Lists (although he appears as 'William Eden Evans-Gordon' at Sandhurst in 1876); in Hansard parliamentary reports (although in the Liberal Year Book 1905 he is Evans-Gordon, and a photograph of him in front of the gates of the House of Commons in 1901 (Nat Port Gall) is signed 'W. Evans-Gordon, Stepney, 1901'

Nevertheless, his entry under 'G' in Who's Who 1914 reads 'GORDON, Major Sir William Eden Evans, Kt, immediately followed by GORDON-CUMMINGS. Therefore, he is generally referred to in this article by the name he used at the time, i.e., Evans Gordon in India, and Evans-Gordon in England.