Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

Updated on Dec 25, 2024

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In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Pisces as:

Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides the parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.

Linnaean Characteristics

Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood

Gills: external

Jaw: incumbent

Penis: (usually) none

Eggs: without whites

Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils?, eyes, ears

Covering: imbricate scales

Supports: fins. Swims in the Water & Smacks.

Apodes

Muraena (eels)

Muraena helena – Mediterranean moray

Muraena ophis – Spotted snake eel

Muraena serpens – Serpent eel

Muraena angvilla – European eel

Muraena myrus – Painted eel

Muraena conger – European conger

Muraena caeca – European finless eel

Gymnotus (electric knifefishes)

Gymnotus carapo – Banded knifefish

Gymnotus asiaticus – Snakehead

Trichiurus (cutlassfishes)

Trichiurus lepturus – Largehead hairtail

Anarhichas (wolffishes)

Anarhichas lupus – seawolf

Ammodytes (sand eels)

Ammodytes tobianus – Lesser sand eel

Stromateus (butterfishes)

Stromateus fiatola – Blue Butterfish

Stromateus paru – American Harvestfish

Xiphias (swordfishes)

Xiphias gladius – Swordfish

Jugulares

Callionymus (dragonets)

Callionymus lyra & Callionymus dracunculus – Common Dragonet

Callionymus indicus – Bartail flathead

Uranoscopus (stargazers)

Uranoscopus scaber – Uranoscopus scaber

Trachinus (weevers)

Trachinus draco – Greater weever

Gadus (cod & kin)

Gadus aeglefinus – Haddock

Gadus morhua & Gadus callarias – Atlantic Cod

Gadus luscus & Gadus barbatus – Pouting

Gadus minutus – Poor cod

Gadus virens & Gadus carbonarius – Coalfish

Gadus merlangus – Whiting

Gadus pollachius – Pollock

Gadus merluccius – European hake

Gadus molva – Common ling

Gadus lota – Burbot

Gadus mustela – Fivebeard rockling

Gadus mediterraneus – Shore rockling

Blennius (blennies)

Blennius galerita – Montagu's blenny

Blennius cristatus – Molly Miller

Blennius cornutus – Horned blenny

Blennius ocellaris – Butterfly Blenny

Blennius gattorugine – Tompot blenny

Blennius superciliosus & Blennius mustelarius – Highfin kilpfish

Blennius pholis – Combtooth blenny

Blennius gunnellus – Rock gunnel

Blennius viviparus – Viviparous eelpout

Blennius lumpenus

Blennius raninus – Lesser forkbeard

Ophidion (cusk-wels)

Ophidion barbatum – Snake blenny

Ophidion imberbe – Rock gunnel

Ophidion macrophthalmum – Red bandfish

Cyclopterus

Cyclopterus (Lumpfishes)

Cyclopterus lumpus – Cyclopterus lumpus

Cyclopterus nudus – Gobiesox nudus

Echeneis

Echeneis (Remoras)

Echeneis remora – Common remora

Echeneis neucrates – Live sharksucker

Coryphaena

Coryphaena (Dolphinfishes)

Coryphaena hippurus – Common dolphinfish

Coryphaena equiselis – Pompano dolphinfish

Coryphaena pentadactyla – Fivefinger wrasse

Coryphaena novacula – Pearly razorfish

Coryphaena pompilus – Rudderfish

Gobius

Gobius (Gobies)

Gobius niger & Gobius jozo – Black goby

Gobius paganellus – Rock goby

Gobius eleotris

Gobius aphya

Gobius pectinirostris – Blue-spotted mud hopper

Gobius anguillaris – Taenioides anguillaris

Cottus

Cottus (Sculpins)

Cottus cataphractus – Agonus cataphractus

Cottus quadricornis – Fourhorn sculpin

Cottus grunniens – Allenbatrachus grunniens

Cottus scaber – Grammoplites scaber

Cottus scorpius – Shorthorn sculpin

Cottus gobio – European bullhead

Scorpaena

Scorpaena (Scorpionfishes)

Scorpaena porcus – European scorpionfish

Scorpaena scrofa – Bigscale scorpionfish

Zeus

Zeus (John Dories & kin)

Zeus vomer – Lookdown

Zeus gallus – Selene gallus

Zeus faber – John Dory

Zeus aper – Capros aper

Pleuronectes

Pleuronectes (Flatfishes)

Pleuronectes achirus – Achirus achirus

Pleuronectes trichodactylus – Monochirus trichodactylus

Pleuronectes lineatus – Lined sole

Pleuronectes ocellatus – Microchirus ocellatus

Pleuronectes lunatus – Plate fish

Pleuronectes hippoglossus – Atlantic halibut

Pleuronectes cynoglossus – Trobay sole

Pleuronectes platessa – European plaice

Pleuronectes flesus & Pleuronectes passer – European flounder

Pleuronectes limanda – Common dab

Pleuronectes solea – Common sole

Pleuronectes linguatula – Citharus linguatula

Pleuronectes rhombus – Brill

Pleuronectes maximus – Turbot

Pleuronectes papillosus – Syacium papillosum

Chaetodon

Chaetodon (Butterflyfishes, Angelfishes, & kin)

Chaetodon canescens & Chaetodon cornutus – Moorish idol

Chaetodon argenteus – Silver moony

Chaetodon acuminatus & Chaetodon macrolepidotus – Pennant coralfish

Chaetodon pinnatus – Dusky batfish

Chaetodon punctatus – Drepane punctata

Chaetodon arcuatus – Gray angelfish

Chaetodon rostratus – Copperband butterflyfish

Chaetodon nigricans – Acanthurus nigricans

Chaetodon triostegus – Convict surgeonfish

Chaetodon lineatus – Striped surgeon

Chaetodon striatus – Banded butterflyfish

Chaetodon aruanus – Whitetail dascyllus

Chaetodon capistratus – Foureye butterflyfish

Chaetodon vagabundus – Vagabond butterflyfish

Chaetodon ciliaris – Queen angelfish

Chaetodon saxatilis – Sergeant major

Chaetodon rotundus – Abudefduf septemfasciatus

Chaetodon lanceolatus – Jack-knifefish

Sparus

Sparus (Breams and Porgies)

Sparus aurata – Gilt-head bream

Sparus annularis – Diplodus annularis

Sparus sargus – Diplodus sargus

Sparus melanurus – Saddled seabream

Sparus smaris – Spicara smaris

Sparus maena – Spicara maena

Sparus saxatilis – Crenicichla saxatilis

Sparus orphus & Sparus pagrus – Red porgy

Sparus hurta & Sparus mormyrus – Lithognathus mormyrus

Sparus erythrinus – Common pandora

Sparus boops – Boops boops

Sparus cantharus – Black seabream

Sparus chromis – Chromis chromis

Sparus salpa – Salema porgy

Sparus synagris – Lane snapper

Sparus dentex – Common dentex

Sparus spinus – Siganus spinus

Sparus virginicus – Porkfish

Sparus capistratus

Sparus galilaeus – Mango tilapia

Labrus

Labrus (Wrasses, Parrotfishes, & kin)

Labrus scarus

Labrus cretensis – Mediterranean parrotfish

Labrus anthias – Anthias anthias

Labrus hepatus – Serranus hepatus

Labrus griseus – Mangrove snapper

Labrus lunaris – Moon wrasse

Labrus opercularis – Paradise fish

Labrus pavo – Ornate wrasse

Labrus auritus – Redbreast sunfish

Labrus falcatus – Permit

Labrus rufus – Spanish hogfish

Labrus marginalis

Labrus ferrugineus

Labrus julis & Labrus paroticus – Mediterranean rainbow wrasse

Labrus suillus & Labrus rupestris – Goldsinny wrasse

Labrus striatus – Black sea bass

Labrus gvaza – Venezuelan grouper

Labrus ocellaris

Labrus tinca – Symphodus tinca

Labrus bimaculatus – Cichlasoma bimaculatum

Labrus punctatus – Polycentrus schomburgkii

Labrus melops – Corkwing wrasse

Labrus niloticus – Nile perch

Labrus ossifagus, Labrus mixtus, & Labrus varius – Cuckoo wrasse

Labrus onitis – Tautog

Labrus viridis – Green wrasse

Labrus luscus – Acantholabrus palloni

Labrus livens – Labrus merula

Labrus turdus – Labrus viridis

Labrus exoletus & Labrus chinensis – Centrolabrus exoletus

Labrus linearis

Labrus fulvus – Cephalopholis fulva

Labrus radiatus – Puddingwife wrasse

Labrus merula – Brown wrasse

Labrus cynaedus

Sciaena

Sciaena (Snappers & Croakers)

Sciaena cappa

Sciaena lepisma

Sciaena unimaculata

Sciaena umbra – Brown meagre

Sciaena cirrosa – Umbrina cirrosa

Perca

Perca (Perch, Grouper, & kin)

Perca fluviatilis – European perch

Perca lucioperca – Zander (Sander lucioperca)

Perca asper – Asper (Zingel asper)

Perca labrax – European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Perca nilotica – Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Perca marina – Rose fish (Sebastes marinus)

Perca nobilis – Barred grunt (Conodon nobilis)

Perca polymna – Saddleback clownfish (Amphiprion polymnus)

Perca cottoides – Marbled stingfish (Cottapistus cottoides)

Perca philadelphica – Centropristis philadelphica

Perca mediterranea – Axillary wrasse (Symphodus mediterraneus)

Perca vittata – Oriental Sweetlips (Plectorhinchus vittatus)

Perca punctata – Coney (Cephalopholis fulva)

Perca guttata – Red hind (Epinephelus guttatus)

Perca scriba – Painted comber (Serranus scriba)

Perca venenosa – Yellowfin grouper (Mycteroperca venenosa)

Perca melanura – Cottonwick grunt (Haemulon melanurum)

Perca gibbosa – Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)

Perca saltatrix – Perca sectatrix

Perca stigma

Perca diagramma – Striped sweetlips (Plectorhinchus diagrammus)

Perca striata – Striped grunt (Haemulon striatum)

Perca lineata – Yellowbanded sweetlips (Plectorhinchus lineatus)

Perca rhomboidalis – Western Atlantic seabream (Archosargus rhomboidalis)

Perca cernua – Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua)

Perca schraetser – Striped ruffe Gymnocephalus schraetser

Perca argentea – Terapon theraps

Perca cabrilla – Comber (Serranus cabrilla)

Perca radula

Gasterosteus

Gasterosteus (Sticklebacks & kin)

Gasterosteus aculeatus – Three-spined stickleback

Gasterosteus ductor – Pilot fish

Gasterosteus occidentalis

Gasterosteus ovatus – Trachinotus ovatus

Gasterosteus pungitius – Ninespine stickleback

Gasterosteus volitans – Red lionfish

Gasterosteus spinachia – Spinachia spinachia

Gasterosteus spinarella – Flying gurnard

Scomber

Scomber (Mackerel & Tuna)

Scomber scombrus – Atlantic mackerel

Scomber pelamis – Skipjack tuna

Scomber thynnus – Atlantic bluefin tuna

Scomber cordyla – Torpedo scad

Scomber glaucus – Trachinotus ovatus

Scomber trachurus – Atlantic horse mackerel

Scomber amia – Lichia amia

Scomber pelagicus – Dolphinfish

Mullus

Mullus (Goatfishes)

Mullus barbatus – Bluntsnouted mullet

Mullus surmuletus – Red mullet

Mullus imberbis – Cardinalfish

Trigla

Trigla (Sea robins)

Trigla cataphracta – Peristedion cataphractum

Trigla lyra – Piper gurnard

Trigla gurnardus – Grey gurnard

Trigla cuculus – East Atlantic red gurnard

Trigla lucerna – Tub Gurnard

Trigla hirundo – Chelidonichthys gabonensis

Trigla asiatica

Trigla volitans – Flying gurnard

Abdominales

Cobitis (Loaches)

Cobitis anableps – Four-eyed fish

Cobitis barbatula – Stone loach

Cobitis taenia – Spined loach

Cobitis fossilis – European weatherfish

Silurus (Catfishes)

Silurus asotus – Amur catfish

Silurus glanis – Wels catfish

Silurus aspredo – Aspredo aspredo

Silurus mystus – African Butter catfish

Silurus anguillaris – Mudfish

Silurus batrachus – Walking catfish

Silurus undecimalis

Silurus militaris – Osteogeneiosus militaris

Silurus catus – White catfish

Silurus clarias – Synodontis clarias

Silurus ascita

Silurus costatus – Platydoras costatus

Silurus callichthys – Armored catfish

Silurus cataphractus – Acanthodoras cataphractus

Loricaria (Suckermouth Catfishes)

Loricaria cataphracta – Suckermouth catfish

Salmo (Salmon, Trout, & kin)

Salmo salar – Atlantic salmon

Salmo eriox, Salmo trutta, Salmo fario, & Salmo lacustris – Brown trout

Salmo hucho – Huchen

Salmo carpio – Carpione

Salmo alpinus – Arctic char

Salmo salvelinus, Salmo salmarinus, & Salmo umbla – Salvelinus umbla

Salmo eperlanus – European smelt

Salmo saurus – Atlantic lizardfish

Salmo lavaretus – Common whitefish

Salmo albula & Salmo vimba – Vendace

Salmo thymallus – Grayling

Salmo oxyrinchus – Houting

Salmo gibbosus – Charax gibbosus

Salmo bimaculatus – Astyanax bimaculatus

Salmo immaculatus – Curimata cyprinoides

Salmo niloticus – Alestes dentex

Salmo pulverulentus – Acestrorhynchus falcatus

Salmo anostomus – Anostomus anostomus

Fistularia (Cornetfishes)

Fistularia tabacaria – Bluespotted cornetfish

Esox (Pike, Gar, and kin)

Esox sphyraena – European barracuda

Esox osseus – Longnose gar

Esox vulpes – Bonefish

Esox synodus – Diamond lizardfish

Esox lucius – Northern pike

Esox hepsetus – Anchoa hepsetus

Esox bellone

Esox brasiliensis – Ballyhoo

Esox gymnocephalus – unknown

Argentina (Herring smelts)

Argentina sphyraena – European argentine

Atherina (Silversides)

Atherina hepsetus – Mediterranean sand smelt

Mugil (Mullet)

Mugil cephalus – Flathead mullet

Exocoetus (Flying fishes)

Exocoetus volitans – Tropical two-winged flying fish

Polynemus (Threadfins)

Polynemus quinquarius – Pentanemus quinquarius

Polynemus virginicus – Polydactylus virginicus

Polynemus paradiseus – Paradise threadfin

Clupea (Herring, Hatchetfishes, & kin)

Clupea harengus – Atlantic herring

Clupea sprattus – European sprat

Clupea alosa – Allis shad

Clupea encrasicolus – European anchovy

Clupea thrissa – Clupanodon thrissa

Clupea sima

Clupea sternicla – Common hatchetfish

Clupea mystus – Coilia mystus

Clupea tropica

Clupea sinensis – Tenualosa reevesii

Cyprinus (Carp & kin)

Cyprinus barbus – Common barbel

Cyprinus carpio – Common carp

Cyprinus gobio – Gobio gobio

Cyprinus americanus – Menticirrhus americanus

Cyprinus carassius – Crucian carp

Cyprinus tinca – Tench

Cyprinus cephalus – European chub

Cyprinus auratus – Goldfish

Cyprinus niloticus

Cyprinus phoxinus & Cyprinus aphya – Common minnow

Cyprinus leuciscus, Cyprinus dobula, & Cyprinus grislagine – Common dace

Cyprinus idbarus, Cyprinus idus, Cyprinus orfus, & Cyprinus jeses – Ide

Cyprinus rutilus – Common roach

Cyprinus erythrophthalmus – Common rudd

Cyprinus nasus – Common Nase

Cyprinus aspius – Asp

Cyprinus alburnus – Common Bleak

Cyprinus vimba – Vimba bream

Cyprinus dentex – Alestes dentex

Cyprinus brama – Carp bream

Cyprinus cultratus – Ziege

Cyprinus bjoerkna – Silver bream

Cyprinus farenus & Cyprinus ballerus – Blue bream

Branchiostegi

Mormyrus (Elephantfishes)

Mormyrus cyprinoides – Marcusenius cyprinoides

Mormyrus anguilloides – Cornish jack

Mormyrus caschive – Mormyrus caschive

Balistes (Triggerfishes)

Balistes monoceros – Unicorn leatherjacket

Balistes tomentosus – Acreichthys tomentosus

Balistes papillosus – Papillose filefish

Balistes verrucosus – Rhinecanthus verrucosus

Balistes aculeatus – Lagoon triggerfish

Balistes vetula – Queen triggerfish

Balistes ringens – Xanthichthys ringens

Balistes scolopax – Longspine snipefish

Ostracion (Boxfishes & Cowfishes)

Ostracion triqueter – Lactophrys triqueter

Ostracion trigonus – Lactophrys trigonus

Ostracion bicaudalis – Spotted trunkfish

Ostracion tricornis & Ostracion quadricornis – scrawled cowfish

Ostracion cornutus – longhorn cowfish

Ostracion tuberculatus & Ostracion cubicus – yellow boxfish

Ostracion gibbosus – Tetrosomus gibbosus

Tetrodon (Pufferfishes & Sunfishes)

Tetraodon testudineus – Checkered puffer

Tetraodon lagocephalus – Oceanic puffer

Tetraodon lineatus – Fahaka pufferfish

Tetraodon ocellatus – Takifugu ocellatus

Tetraodon hispidus – White-spotted puffer

Tetraodon mola – Ocean sunfish

Diodon (Porcupinefishes)

Diodon atringa – Chilomycterus atringa

Diodon reticulatus & Diodon echinatus – Chilomycterus reticulatus

Diodon spinosus – Chilomycterus spinosus

Diodon hystrix – Spot-fin porcupinefish

Diodon holocanthus – Long-spine porcupinefish

Diodon raninus

Centriscus (Shrimpfishes)

Centriscus scutatus – Grooved shrimpfish

Syngnathus (Pipefishes & Seahorses)

Syngnathus typhle – Broad-nosed pipefish

Syngnathus acus – Common pipefish

Syngnathus pelagicus – Pelagic pipefish

Syngnathus aequoreus – Entelurus aequoreus

Syngnathus ophidion & Sygnathus barbarus – Nerophis ophidion

Syngnathus hippocampus – Short-snouted seahorse

Pegasus (Seamoths)

Pegasus volitans – Longtail seamoth

References

Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae Wikipedia

(Text) CC BY-SA

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