Work begun June 1836 Tunnel clearance 24 feet (7.3 m) Width 8.23 m Owner National Park Service | Opened 1850 Length 950 m Phone +1 301-722-8226 Character Bicycle | |
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Location Allegany County, Maryland Traffic Canal and towpath/trail Address Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath, Oldtown, MD 21555, USA Similar Green Ridge State For, Cacapon Resort State Park, Little Orleans Campgro, Cox Camping, Fifteenmile Creek Drive‑In | ||
Paw paw tunnel walk through 2015
The Paw Paw Tunnel is a 3,118-foot-long (950 m) canal tunnel on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O) in Allegany County, Maryland. Located near Paw Paw, West Virginia, it was built to bypass the Paw Paw Bends, a six-mile (9.7 km) stretch of the Potomac River containing five horseshoe-shaped bends. The town, the bends, and the tunnel take their name from the pawpaw trees that grow prolifically along nearby ridges.
Contents
- Paw paw tunnel walk through 2015
- Paw paw tunnel podcast
- History
- Boatmen and the tunnel
- The tunnel today
- References
The project began in 1836 with scheduled completion in two years, but there were many difficulties in the process of construction. The construction company seriously underestimated the difficulty of the job, violence frequently broke out between immigrant laborers of different ethnicities, and wages were often unpaid due to the company's financial problems. The tunnel was finally completed but it nearly bankrupted the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. The lengthy construction and high cost forced the company to end canal construction at Cumberland, Maryland, in 1850, rather than continue to Pittsburgh as originally planned.
The tunnel was used by canal boats until the C&O closed in 1924. The tunnel and towpath are now maintained for public use as part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Though never one of the longest tunnels in the world, Paw Paw Tunnel remains one of the greatest engineering feats of its day.
Paw paw tunnel podcast
History
At Paw Paw, the canal engineers had a quandary with no easy solutions: follow the river (with its cliffs which would have required crossing over to West Virginia, damming the river to make a slackwater, and hacking out from the cliffs on the Maryland side) or make a tunnel. The newly appointed engineer, Charles B. Fisk, managed to convince the board of directors of a tunnel's superiority. The tunnel plan was approved in February 1836, with an expected completion date of July 1838.
Lee Montgomery, a Methodist minister who had experience from building the canal tunnel for the Union Canal was awarded the contract on March 15, 1836. Construction on the tunnel began in 1836. Unfortunately for Montgomery, the Irish workers were not skilled at tunnel work, so he obtained English masons, English and Welsh miners, and some "Dutch" [i.e. German] labourers. More unfortunately, this caused ethnic tensions which exploded into violence in 1837 and 1838, specifically between the Irish and everyone else; rioters destroyed the tavern at Oldtown, burned shanties, and the like. There were more riots in 1839 at Little Orleans. Montgomery succeeded in boring the tunnel through on June 5, 1840, at a point 1,505 feet (459 m) from the south portal, but did not finish it.
Due to construction and financial problems, no work was done from 1841 to 1847.
In 1848, a subcontract was let to McCulloch and Day to finish the tunnel. The tunnel was opened for traffic (and essentially completed) in 1850, but the brick liner was not finished until after the tunnel was opened. The construction costs were $616,478.65, much more than had originally been budgeted.
In 1872, a semaphore signal was installed at the west end of the tunnel to control traffic.
Boatmen and the tunnel
Boatmen could usually tell if another boat was in the tunnel because the water level would be down about four inches (10 cm). The loaded boat going downstream had the right of way, but that was not often honored, and there were occasional fistfights between rival boatmen over the right of way.
The tunnel was so narrow that nobody could pass between the mules and the side of the tunnel. There are records of passengers playing music (to hear the echo) or singing in the tunnel to keep up their courage.
The tunnel today
Today the Paw Paw Tunnel can be easily explored with a flashlight, as the towpath is still intact. Trekkers can return via the tunnel, or hike back over the two-mile-long (3.2 km) Tunnel Hill Trail. This passes interpretive markers about the German and Irish workers who lived along the path during the tunnel's construction.
A rockslide in January 2013 closed the trail east of the tunnel for four months, so the tunnel could not be reached from the east side. It reopened on April 17, 2013. Additional work is planned for 2017 to prevent further slides in the area.