The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to culture:
Culture – set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements.
Community – social unit of any size that shares common values. Communities range in size and scope from neighborhoods to national communities to international communities. They can be physical (face-to-face) or virtual (on-line).
People – plurality of persons considered as a whole, as is the case with an ethnic group or nation. Collectively, for example, the contemporary Frisians and Danes are two related Germanic peoples, while various Middle Eastern ethnic groups are often linguistically categorized as the Semitic people. See the list of contemporary ethnic groups for more examples.
Ethnic group – socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or national experience. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language and/or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, physical appearance, etc.
Society – group of people involved in persistent interpersonal relationships, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members.
Civilization – any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.
The arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts.
Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture.
Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food.
Food and drink
Cuisines – a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture.
Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree.
Wine – alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes.
Literature – the art of written works.
Children's literature – stories, books, and poems for children.
Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). See below.
Non-fiction – form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be factual.
Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning.
Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.
Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium.
Circus – performance of a company of clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze artists, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other object-manipulating and stunt-oriented artists, and a ringmaster.
Comedy – any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or to amuse by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film and stand-up comedy.
Stand-up comedy – performance by a comedian in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them.
Dance – art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually.
Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.
Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence.
Music genres
Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions.
Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.
Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds.
Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings.
Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound.
Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature.
Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures.
Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it.
Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill.
Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object
Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium.
Film – moving pictures.
Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object.
History of painting
Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors.
Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood.
Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie.
Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s).
James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media.
Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it
Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures.
Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas."
Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction.
Board games
Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns.
Card games
Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings.
Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device.
Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. See above.
Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism.
Ball games
Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond.
Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules.
Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court.
Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water.
Combat sports
Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons.
Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development.
Cycling sport – bicycle racing and track cycling.
Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing.
Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals.
Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines.
Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature.
Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Mass media – diversified media technologies and their content that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. Includes radio and television programming; mass publishing of books, magazines, and newspapers; web content; and films and audio recordings.
Tradition – belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes (like lawyer wigs or military officer spurs), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings.
Celebration –
Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community.
Tourism – travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many countries. It was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations."Tourist attraction – place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and amusement.
Lists of tourist attractions
Organizational culture – behaviour of humans within an organization and the meaning that people attach to those behaviors. An organization's culture includes its vision, values, norms, systems, countries, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits.
Consumer culture – a society based on consumerism
High context culture – a culture with the tendency use high context messages, resulting in catering towards in-groups
Low context culture – culture with a tendency not to cater towards in-groups
Remix culture – a society which allows and encourages derivative works
Participatory culture – a culture in which private persons (the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers)
Permission culture – a society in which copyright restrictions are pervasive and enforced to the extent that any and all uses of copyrighted works need to be explicitly leased
Primitive culture – a community that lacks major signs of economic development or modernity
Children's culture – cultural phenomena pertaining to children
Children's street culture – cumulative culture created by young children
Coffee culture – social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon coffee, particularly as a social lubricant
Culture of capitalism – the lifestyle of the people living within a capitalist society, and the effects of a global or national capitalist economy on a population
Cyberculture –
DIY culture – refers to a wide range of elements in non-mainstream society, such as grassroots political and social activism, independent music, art, and film
Dominant culture – the established language, religion, behavior, values, rituals, and social customs of a society
Drinking culture – the customs and practices of people who drink alcoholic beverages
Folk culture – traditional culture; traditional cultural traits of a community
Low culture –
High culture –
Official culture –
Political culture –
Civic political culture –
Popular culture – totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that permeate the everyday lives of a given society, especially those heavily influenced by mass media.
Print culture –
Safety culture – the way in which safety is managed in the workplace, which often reflects "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to safety."
Tea culture –
Trash culture –
Urban culture –
Vernacular culture –
Lifestyle enclave –
Alternative culture – exists outside or on the fringes of mainstream or popular culture, usually under the domain of one or more cultures.
Counterculture –
Oppositional culture –
Security culture –
Underground culture (disambiguation) –
Association football culture –
Cycling subculture – a culture that supports, encourages, and has high bicycle usage
Deaf culture – social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label, the word "deaf" is often written with a capital D, and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign.
Ethical culture –
Gun culture –
Horse culture – a community whose day-to-day life revolves around the herding and breeding of horses
LGBT culture –
Modern juggling culture –
Surf culture –
Video game culture –
Anthropology
Cultural anthropology – branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation.
Archaeology – history studies in the physical aspects or artefacts of cultures.
Culture-historical archaeology
Sociocultural evolution
Biology
Sociobiology
Social neuroscience
Cultural neuroscience
Cultural history – academic discipline that combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people.
Cultural studies – academic discipline that studies the forces from which the whole of humankind construct their daily lives. It seeks to understand the ways in which meaning is generated and disseminated through practices, beliefs, and political, economic, or social structures within a given culture.
Ethnic studies
Popular culture studies – generally considered a combination of communication studies and cultural studies, it analyzes popular culture from a critical theory perspective.
Culturology – social science concerned with the scientific understanding, description, analysis and prediction of cultural activities.
Culture theory – seeks to define the heuristic concept of culture in operational and/or scientific terms.
Human geography – social science that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place.
Philosophy of culture –
Psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Cultural psychology
Sociology – scientific study of human society. The traditional focuses of sociology have include social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance.
Sociology of culture
Sound culture – interdisciplinary field which considers "the material production and consumption of music, sound, noise and silence, and how these have changed throughout history and within different societies, but does this from a much broader perspective than standard disciplines."
Visual culture –
Classical studies –
Sinology –
Western culture –
Anglo America –
Latin American culture –
English-speaking world –
African American culture –
Indosphere –
Sinosphere –
Islamic culture –
Arab culture –
Tibetan culture –
Cultures of continents and major geopolitical regions
(non-continents are
italicized)
Culture of Africa
Culture of Antarctica
Culture of Asia
Culture of Europe
Culture of North America
Culture of Oceania
Culture of Australia
Culture of South America
(arranged by continent or major geopolitical region)
West Africa
Culture of Benin
Culture of Burkina Faso
Culture of Cape Verde
Culture of Ivory Coast
Culture of the Gambia
Culture of Ghana
Culture of Guinea
Culture of Guinea-Bissau
Culture of Liberia
Culture of Mali
Culture of Mauritania
Culture of Niger
Culture of Nigeria
Culture of Senegal
Culture of Sierra Leone
Culture of Togo
North Africa
Culture of Algeria
Culture of Egypt
Culture of Libya
Culture of Mauritania
Culture of Morocco
Culture of Sudan
Culture of Tunisia
Culture of Western Sahara
Central Africa
Culture of Angola
Culture of Burundi
Culture of Cameroon
Culture of the Central African Republic
Culture of Chad
Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Culture of Equatorial Guinea
Culture of Gabon
Culture of the Republic of the Congo
Culture of Rwanda
Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa
Culture of Burundi
Culture of Comoros
Culture of Djibouti
Culture of Eritrea
Culture of Ethiopia
Culture of Kenya
Culture of Madagascar
Culture of Malawi
Culture of Mauritius
Culture of Mozambique
Culture of Rwanda
Culture of Seychelles
Culture of Somalia
Culture of Tanzania
Culture of Uganda
Culture of Zambia
Culture of Zimbabwe
Southern Africa
Culture of Botswana
Culture of Lesotho
Culture of Namibia
Culture of South Africa
Culture of Swaziland
Dependencies in Africa
Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)
Culture of Mayotte (France)
Culture of Réunion (France)
Culture of Saint Helena (UK)
Culture of the Canary Islands (Spain)
Culture of Ceuta (Spain)
Culture of Madeira (Portugal)
Culture of Melilla (Spain)
Culture of Socotra (Yemen)
Culture of Puntland
Culture of Somaliland
Culture of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
No political divisions, just some scattered outposts
Central Asia
Culture of Kazakhstan
Culture of Kyrgyzstan
Culture of Tajikistan
Culture of Turkmenistan
Culture of Uzbekistan
East Asia
Culture of China
Culture of Tibet
Special Administrative regions of China
Culture of Hong Kong
Culture of Macau
Culture of Japan
Culture of North Korea
Culture of South Korea
Culture of Mongolia
Culture of Taiwan
North Asia
Culture of Russia
Southeast Asia
Culture of Brunei
Culture of Burma
Culture of Cambodia
Culture of East Timor
Culture of Indonesia
Culture of Laos
Culture of Malaysia
Culture of the Philippines
Culture of Singapore
Culture of Thailand
Culture of Vietnam
South Asia
Culture of Afghanistan
Culture of Bangladesh
Culture of Bhutan
Culture of India
Culture of Iran
Culture of Maldives
Culture of Nepal
Culture of Pakistan
Culture of Sri Lanka
West Asia
Culture of Armenia
Culture of Azerbaijan
Culture of Bahrain
Culture of Cyprus
Culture of Northern Cyprus
Culture of Georgia
Culture of Iraq
Culture of Israel
Culture of Jordan
Culture of Kuwait
Culture of Lebanon
Culture of Oman
Culture of Palestine
Culture of Qatar
Culture of Saudi Arabia
Culture of Syria
Culture of Turkey
Culture of the United Arab Emirates
Culture of Yemen
(a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
North Caucasus
Parts of Russia
Culture of Chechnya
Culture of Ingushetia
Culture of Dagestan
Culture of Adyghea
Culture of Kabardino-Balkaria
Culture of Karachay–Cherkessia
Culture of North Ossetia
Culture of Krasnodar Krai
Culture of Stavropol Krai
South Caucasus
Culture of Georgia
Culture of Abkhazia
Culture of South Ossetia
Culture of Armenia
Culture of Azerbaijan
Culture of Nagorno-Karabakh
Culture of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Culture of Åland
Culture of Albania
Culture of Andorra
Culture of Armenia
Culture of Austria
Culture of Azerbaijan
Culture of Belarus
Culture of Belgium
Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Culture of Bulgaria
Culture of Croatia
Culture of Cyprus
Culture of the Czech Republic
Culture of Denmark
Culture of Estonia
Culture of the Faroe Islands
Culture of Finland
Culture of France
Culture of Georgia
Culture of Germany
Culture of Gibraltar
Culture of Greece
Culture of Guernsey
Culture of Hungary
Culture of Iceland
Culture of the Republic of Ireland
Culture of the Isle of Man
Culture of Italy
Culture of Jersey
Culture of Kazakhstan
Culture of Kosovo
Culture of Latvia
Culture of Liechtenstein
Culture of Lithuania
Culture of Luxembourg
Culture of Macedonia
Culture of Malta
Culture of Moldova
Culture of Transnistria)
Culture of Monaco
Culture of Montenegro
Culture of the Netherlands
Culture of Norway
Culture of Poland
Culture of Portugal
Culture of Romania
Culture of Russia
Culture of San Marino
Culture of Serbia
Culture of Slovakia
Culture of Slovenia
Culture of Spain
Culture of Svalbard
Culture of Sweden
Culture of Switzerland
Culture of Turkey
Culture of Ukraine
Culture of the United Kingdom
Culture of England
Culture of Northern Ireland
Culture of Scotland
Culture of Wales
Culture of Vatican City
Culture of the European Union
Culture of Canada
Culture of Alberta
Culture of British Columbia
Culture of Manitoba
Culture of New Brunswick
Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador
Culture of Nova Scotia
Culture of Ontario
Culture of Prince Edward Island
Culture of Quebec
Culture of Saskatchewan
Culture of Greenland
Culture of Mexico
Culture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Culture of the United States
Culture of Alabama
Culture of Alaska
Culture of Arizona
Culture of Arkansas
Culture of California
Culture of Colorado
Culture of Connecticut
Culture of Delaware
Culture of Florida
Culture of Georgia (U.S. state)
Culture of Hawaii
Culture of Idaho
Culture of Illinois
Culture of Indiana
Culture of Iowa
Culture of Montana
Culture of Kansas
Culture of Kentucky
Culture of Louisiana
Culture of Maine
Culture of Maryland
Culture of Massachusetts
Culture of Michigan
Culture of Minnesota
Culture of Mississippi
Culture of Missouri
Culture of Nebraska
Culture of Nevada
Culture of New Hampshire
Culture of New Jersey
Culture of New Mexico
Culture of New York
Culture of North Carolina
Culture of North Dakota
Culture of Ohio
Culture of Oklahoma
Culture of Oregon
Culture of Pennsylvania
Culture of Rhode Island
Culture of South Carolina
Culture of South Dakota
Culture of Tennessee
Culture of Texas
Culture of Utah
Culture of Vermont
Culture of Virginia
Culture of Washington
Culture of West Virginia
Culture of Wisconsin
Culture of Wyoming
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
Central America
Culture of Belize
Culture of Costa Rica
Culture of El Salvador
Culture of Guatemala
Culture of Honduras
Culture of Nicaragua
Culture of Panama
Caribbean
Culture of Anguilla
Culture of Antigua and Barbuda
Culture of Aruba
Culture of the Bahamas
Culture of Barbados
Culture of Bermuda
Culture of the British Virgin Islands
Culture of the Cayman Islands
Culture of Cuba
Culture of Dominica
Culture of the Dominican Republic
Culture of Grenada
Culture of Guadeloupe
Culture of Haiti
Culture of Jamaica
Culture of Martinique
Culture of Montserrat
Culture of Navassa Island
Culture of the Netherlands Antilles
Culture of Puerto Rico
Culture of Saint Barthélemy
Culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Culture of Saint Lucia
Culture of Saint Martin
Culture of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Culture of Trinidad and Tobago
Culture of Trinidad
Culture of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Culture of the United States Virgin Islands
Australasia
Culture of Australia
Dependencies/Territories of Australia
Culture of Christmas Island
Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Culture of Norfolk Island
Culture of New Zealand
Melanesia
Culture of Fiji
Culture of Indonesia
Culture of New Caledonia (France)
Culture of Papua New Guinea
Culture of the Solomon Islands
Culture of Vanuatu
Micronesia
Culture of the Federated States of Micronesia
Culture of Guam (USA)
Culture of Kiribati
Culture of the Marshall Islands
Culture of Nauru
Culture of the Northern Mariana Islands (USA)
Culture of Palau
Culture of Wake Island (USA)
Polynesia
Culture of American Samoa (USA)
Culture of the Chatham Islands (NZ)
Culture of the Cook Islands (NZ)
Culture of Easter Island (Chile)
Culture of French Polynesia (France)
Culture of Hawaii (USA)
Culture of the Loyalty Islands (France)
Culture of Niue (NZ)
Culture of the Pitcairn Islands (UK)
Culture of Adamstown
Culture of Samoa
Culture of Tokelau (NZ)
Culture of Tonga
Culture of Tuvalu
Culture of Wallis and Futuna (France)
Culture of Argentina
Culture of Bolivia
Culture of Brazil
Culture of Chile
Culture of Colombia
Culture of Ecuador
Culture of the Falkland Islands
Culture of French Guiana
Culture of Guyana
Culture of Paraguay
Culture of Peru
Culture of Suriname
Culture of Uruguay
Culture of Venezuela
Culture of Ascension Island
Culture of Saint Helena
Culture of Tristan da Cunha
Culture during the Cold War
Cultural history of the United States
Cultural history of Taiwan
History of Lithuanian culture
History of Russian culture
Earth in culture
World War II in contemporary culture
Medieval maritime culture
Culture of ancient Rome
Culture of ancient Rus
Clovis culture
Mississippian culture
Vinca culture
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
The arts and politics – as they respond to contemporaneous events and politics, the arts take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming themselves a focus of controversy and even a force of political as well as social change.
Culture change –
Culture of fear –
Culture of life –
Culture minister –
Official culture –
Political culture –
Animal culture –
Constructed culture –
Cross-cultural communication –
Cultural bias –
Cultural dissonance –
Cultural evolution –
Cultural imperialism –
Cultural phenomenon –
Cultural universals –
Culture assimilators –
Culture gap –
Culture hero –
Culture industry –
Culture note –
Culture of poverty –
Culture shock –
Culture theory –
Culture speculation –
Culture war –
Death and culture –
Demographics –
Emotions and Culture –
Ethnocentrism –
Intercultural competence –
Right to science and culture –
Social fact –
Symbolic culture –
Third culture kid –
Transformation of culture –
Semiotics of culture – studies culture in relation to language and as a symbolic system of signs