Outline of cryptography

Essence of cryptography

Cryptographer

Encryption/decryption

Cryptographic key

Cipher

Ciphertext

Plaintext

Code

Tabula recta

Alice and Bob

Uses of cryptographic techniques

Commitment schemes

Secure multiparty computation

Electronic voting

Authentication

Digital signatures

Crypto systems

Dining cryptographers problem

Anonymous remailer

Pseudonymity

Anonymous internet banking

Onion routing

Digital currency

Secret sharing

Branches of cryptography

Cryptographic engineering

Multivariate cryptography

Quantum cryptography

Steganography

Visual cryptography

History of cryptography

Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji

World War I cryptography

World War II cryptography

Reservehandverfahren

Venona project

Ultra

Classical

Substitution

Monoalphabetic substitution

Caesar cipher

ROT13

Affine cipher

Atbash cipher

Keyword cipher

Polyalphabetic substitution

Vigenère cipher

Autokey cipher

Homophonic substitution cipher

Polygraphic substitution

Playfair cipher

Hill cipher

Transposition

Scytale

Grille

Permutation cipher

VIC cipher – complex hand cypher used by at least one Soviet spy in the early 1950s; it proved quite secure for the time

Modern symmetric-key algorithms

Stream ciphers

A5/1 & A5/2 – ciphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard

BMGL

Chameleon

FISH – by Siemens AG

WWII 'Fish' cyphers

Geheimfernschreiber – WWII mechanical onetime pad by Siemens AG, called STURGEON by Bletchley Park

Pike – improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson

Schlusselzusatz – WWII mechanical onetime pad by Lorenz, called tunny by Bletchley Park

HELIX

ISAAC – intended as a PRNG

Leviathan

LILI-128

MUGI – CRYPTREC recommendation

MULTI-S01 - CRYPTREC recommendation

One-time pad – Vernam and Mauborgne, patented 1919; an extreme stream cypher

Panama

RC4 (ARCFOUR) – one of a series by Professor Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC recommended limited to 128-bit key

CipherSaber – (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV, easy to implement

Salsa20 – an eSTREAM recommended cipher

ChaCha20 – A Salsa20 variant.

SEAL

SNOW

SOBER

SOBER-t16

SOBER-t32

WAKE

Block ciphers

Product cipher

Feistel cipher – pattern by Horst Feistel

Advanced Encryption Standard (Rijndael) – 128-bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197; Created 2001—by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation.

Anubis – 128-bit block

BEAR – built from a stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson

Blowfish – 64-bit block; by Bruce Schneier et al.

Camellia – 128-bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation

CAST-128 (CAST5) – 64-bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares, insistent that the name is not due to their initials

CAST-256 (CAST6) – 128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition

CIPHERUNICORN-A – 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation

CIPHERUNICORN-E – 64-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)

CMEA – cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.

CS-Cipher – 64-bit block

Data Encryption Standard (DES) – 64-bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976

DEAL – an AES candidate derived from DES

DES-X – a variant of DES to increase the key size.

FEAL

GDES – a DES variant designed to speed up encryption

Grand Cru – 128-bit block

Hierocrypt-3 – 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation

Hierocrypt-L1 – 64-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)

IDEA NXT – project name FOX, 64-bit and 128-bit block family; Mediacrypt (Switzerland); by Pascal Junod & Serge Vaudenay of Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne

International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) – 64-bit block;James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich

Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)

KASUMI – 64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security

KHAZAD – 64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen

Khufu and Khafre – 64-bit block ciphers

Kuznyechik – Russian 128-bit block cipher, defined in GOST R 34.12-2015 and RFC 7801.

LION – block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson

LOKI89/91 – 64-bit block ciphers

LOKI97 – 128-bit block cipher, AES candidate

Lucifer – by Tuchman et al. of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES

MAGENTA – AES candidate

Mars – AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al.

MISTY1 – NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)

MISTY2 – 128-bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)

Nimbus – 64-bit block

NOEKEON – 128-bit block

NUSH – variable block length (64-256-bit)

Q – 128-bit block

RC2 – 64-bit block, variable key length

RC6 – variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al.

RC5 – Ron Rivest

SAFER – variable block length

SC2000 – 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation

Serpent – 128-bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen

SHACAL-1 – 160-bit block

SHACAL-2 – 256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France)

Shark – grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen

Square – father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen

TEA – by David Wheeler & Roger Needham

Triple DES – by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3

Twofish – 128-bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier et al.

XTEA – by David Wheeler & Roger Needham

3-Way – 96-bit block by Joan Daemen

Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers

Enigma – WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, any user networks for most of the variants

Purple – highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain

SIGABA – WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett et al.

TypeX – WWII UK cypher machine

Hybrid code/cypher combinations

JN-25 – WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants

Naval Cypher 3 – superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 1930s and into WWII

Modern Asymmetric-key algorithms

ACE-KEM – NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research

ACE Encrypt

Chor-Rivest

Diffie-Hellman – key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation

El Gamal – discrete logarithm

Elliptic curve cryptography – (discrete logarithm variant)

PSEC-KEM – NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters

ECIES – Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System, Certicom Corporation

ECIES-KEM

ECDH – Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement, CRYPTREC recommendation

EPOC

Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem – knapsack scheme

McEliece

Niederreiter cryptosystem

NTRUEncrypt

RSA – factoring

RSA-KEM – NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft

RSA-OAEP – CRYPTREC recommendation

Rabin cryptosystem – factoring

Rabin-SAEP

HIME(R)

Threshold cryptosystem

XTR

Keys

Authentication

Public key infrastructure

X.509

OpenPGP

Public key certificate

Certificate authority

Certificate revocation list

ID-based cryptography

Certificate-based encryption

Secure key issuing cryptography

Certificateless cryptography

Merkle tree

Transport/exchange

Diffie–Hellman

Man-in-the-middle attack

Needham–Schroeder

Offline private key

Otway–Rees

Trusted paper key

Wide Mouth Frog

Weak keys

Brute force attack

Dictionary attack

Related key attack

Key derivation function

Key strengthening

Password

Password-authenticated key agreement

Passphrase

Salt

Cryptographic hash functions

Message authentication code

Keyed-hash message authentication code

Encrypted CBC-MAC (EMAC) – NESSIE selection MAC

HMAC – NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1, FIPS PUB 113 and IETF RFC

TTMAC – (Two-Track-MAC) NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany)

UMAC – NESSIE selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UC Davis

MD5 – one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; 128-bit digest

SHA-1 – developed at NSA 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA have released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)

SHA-256 – NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation

SHA-384 – NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation

SHA-512 – NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation

SHA-3 – originally known as Keccak; was the winner of the NIST hash function competition using sponge function.

Streebog – Russian algorithm created to replace an obsolete GOST hash function defined in obsolete standard GOST R 34.11-94.

RIPEMD-160 – developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)

RTR0 – one of Retter series; developed by Maciej A. Czyzewski; 160-bit digest

Tiger – by Ross Anderson et al.

Snefru – NIST hash function competition

Whirlpool – NESSIE selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium)

Cryptanalysis

Classical

Frequency analysis

Contact analysis

Index of coincidence

Kasiski examination

Modern

Symmetric algorithms

Boomerang attack

Brute force attack

Davies' attack;

Differential cryptanalysis

Impossible differential cryptanalysis

Integral cryptanalysis

Linear cryptanalysis

Meet-in-the-middle attack

Mod-n cryptanalysis

Related-key attack

Slide attack

XSL attack

Hash functions:

Birthday attack

Attack models

Chosen-ciphertext

Chosen-plaintext

Ciphertext-only

Known-plaintext

Side channel attacks

Power analysis

Timing attack

Network attacks

Man-in-the-middle attack

Replay attack

External attacks

Black-bag cryptanalysis

Rubber-hose cryptanalysis

Robustness properties

Provable security

Random oracle model

Ciphertext indistinguishability

Semantic security

Malleability

Forward secrecy

Forward anonymity

Freshness

Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers

Beale ciphers

Chaocipher

D'Agapeyeff cipher

Dorabella cipher

Rongorongo

Shugborough inscription

Voynich manuscript

Organizations and selection projects

Standards

Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication Program – run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS publications are ongoing and related to cryptography

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – standardization process that produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – standardization process that produces many standards called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)

General cryptographic

National Security Agency (NSA) – internal evaluation/selections, charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities

Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) – internal evaluation/selections, a division is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government

Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) – Australian SIGINT agency, part of ECHELON

Communications Security Establishment (CSE) – Canadian intelligence agency

Open efforts

Data Encryption Standard (DES) – NBS selection process, ended 1976

RIPE – division of the RACE project sponsored by the European Union, ended mid-1980s

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – a "break-off" competition sponsored by NIST, ended in 2001

NESSIE Project – an evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union, ended in 2002

eSTREAM– program funded by ECRYPT; motivated by the failure of all of the stream ciphers submitted to NESSIE, ended in 2008

CRYPTREC – evaluation/recommendation program sponsored by the Japanese government; draft recommendations published 2003

CrypTool – an e-learning freeware programme in English and German— exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis

Legal issues

AACS encryption key controversy

Free speech

Bernstein v. United States - Daniel J. Bernstein's challenge to the restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States.

Junger v. Daley

DeCSS

Phil Zimmermann - Arms Export Control Act investigation regarding the PGP software.

Export of cryptography

Key escrow and Clipper Chip

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Patents

RSA – now public domain

David Chaum – and digital cash

Cryptography and law enforcement

Telephone wiretapping

Espionage

Cryptography laws in different nations

Official Secrets Act – United Kingdom, India, Ireland, Malaysia, and formerly New Zealand

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 – United Kingdom

Academic and professional publications

Further information: Important publications in cryptography & Books on cryptography

Journal of Cryptology

Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security

Cryptologia – quarterly journal focusing on historical aspects

Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems – cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory

Allied sciences

Security engineering