Oryol Oblast

Geography

It is located in the southwestern part of the Central Federal District, in the Central Russian Upland. Kaluga and Tula Oblasts border it to the north; Bryansk Oblast is located to the west; Kursk Oblast—to the south, and Lipetsk Oblast is to the east. From north to south, it extends for more than 150 kilometers (93 mi), and from west to east—for over 200 kilometers (120 mi). In terms of area, at 24,700 square kilometers (9,500 sq mi) it is one of the smallest federal subjects.

The climate is temperate. The average January temperature is −8 °C (18 °F) and the average July temperature is +18 °C (64 °F). Rainfall averages 490 to 590 mm, and snow cover averages 126 days.

There are 4,800 square kilometers (1,900 sq mi) of black earth soils (chernozems) in the oblast, which amounts to three-quarters of the world chernozem reserves.

History

In the 12th century, chronicles mention Mtsensk, known as Novosil then. Then modern Orlovschina was part of the Chernigov Principality. After the death of Mikhail of Chernigov Novosil Principality was formed on these territories. By the end of the 15th century it had disintegrated into four separate principalities, along with all the other fragments of the Chernigov principality became a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 16th century, the fortress town of Oryol was founded, restored destroyed in the 13th century, Livny. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the territory of modern Oryol was the borderland of the Tsardom of Russia, there are many on the strengthening of large defense line. As the reduction of the threat posed by the Tatars, agricultural activity of the area had intensified. It was created in 1937 out of three other oblasts: Kursk Oblast, Western Oblast, and Voronezh Oblast. It also included present Bryansk Oblast between 1937-1944.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Oryol CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Oryol Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Head of Administration of the Orel region in 1993-2009 was Yegor Stroyev. Tunings led the region for more than 20 years. In 1985 he became the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU, and after three years (in 1989-1991 he worked as secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU), in 1991 he returned to Oryol, worked as the director of the Institute of Horticultural Crops Selection, and later was elected governor. On February 16, 2009 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev accepted the voluntary retirement Orel Governor Stroyev and nominated Alexander Kozlov to the ryl Regional Council of People's Deputies, which approved it.

Economy

The main industries in Oryol Oblast are the food and light industries, engineering and metalworking, and ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. The engineering and metalworking industries manufacture production equipment for various industries, forklift trucks, construction and agricultural equipment, and machinery for municipal services. Numerous companies in the instrument-making and electronics sectors maintain high scientific and technical potential with the latest high-end technologies and experienced specialists. First digital telephone exchange was introduced in the oblast in 1998.

Agriculture

Most of the oblast's agricultural land is used for plant cultivation. Grain growing is very important, with winter wheat and rye being the main crops. Buckwheat, oats, barley, and potatoes are also grown, and sugar beets are in great demand. The area planted in feed grains is increasing due to the expansion of livestock farming, which includes beef and dairy cattle farming, pig farming, sheep farming for meat and wool, poultry farming, and horse breeding.

Transport

As of 2010, the population of the area was motorization level of 295 cars per 1000 people, which is the 9th of any region of Russia and above the national average (249). Railway. Main line is double track electrified main line Moscow - Kharkiv - Simferopol (136 km through Mtsensk, Oryol and Zmievka Glazunovka).

Pipelines and power transmission lines Routed through the region's largest oil-trunk pipeline Druzhba (202 km in area). In the southwestern part of the area being a small section of the Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod.

Oryol is major hub pipelines including export to Belarus, Western Ukraine and the Baltic states, with branches passing through the Bryansk and Kursk.

Demographics

Population: 786,935 (2010 Census); 860,262 (2002 Census); 890,636 (1989 Census).

2009 - 1.45 | 2010 - 1.50 | 2011 - 1.43 | 2012 - 1.54 | 2013 - 1.53 | 2014 - 1.55 | 2015 - 1.60 | 2016 - 1.60(e)

Ethnic composition (2010):

Religion

According to a 2012 official survey, 40.9% of the population of Oryol Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to church or belong to non-Russian Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of the Rodnovery (Slavic native faith) movement, and 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 34% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist, and 9.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.