Harman Patil (Editor)

Orders of magnitude (power)

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Below 1 yoctowatt

  • 1.64 × 10−27 watt – phys: approximate power of gravitational radiation emitted by a 1000 kg satellite in geosynchronous orbit around the Earth.
  • Zeptowatt (10−21 watt)

  • ~10 zW – tech: approximate power of Galileo space probe's radio signal (when at Jupiter) as received on earth by a 70-meter DSN antenna.
  • Attowatt (10−18 watt)

  • 1 aW – phys: approximate power scale at which operation of nanoelectromechanical systems are overwhelmed by thermal fluctuations.
  • 100 aW – tech: the GPS signal strength measured at the surface of the Earth.
  • Femtowatt (10−15 watt)

  • 2.5 fW – tech: minimum discernible signal at the antenna terminal of a good FM radio receiver
  • 10 fW (−110 dBm) – tech: approximate lower limit of power reception on digital spread-spectrum cell phones
  • Picowatt (10−12 watt)

  • 1 pW (−90 dBm) – biomed: average power consumption of a human cell
  • 18.4 pW – phys: power lost in the form of synchrotron radiation by a proton revolving in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV
  • 150 pW – biomed: power entering a human eye from a 100-watt lamp 1 km away
  • Nanowatt (10−9 watt)

  • 2–15 nW – tech: power consumption of 8-bit PIC microcontroller chips when in "sleep" mode
  • Microwatt (10−6 watt)

  • 1 µW (−30 dBm) – tech: approximate consumption of a quartz or mechanical wristwatch
  • 3 µW – astro: cosmic microwave background radiation per square meter
  • Milliwatt (10−3 watt)

  • 5 mW – tech: laser in a CD-ROM drive
  • 5–10 mW – tech: laser in a DVD player
  • 70 mW – tech: antenna power in a typical consumer wireless router
  • 500 mW - tech: maximum allowed carrier output power of an FRS radio
  • Watt

  • 2 W – tech: maximum allowed carrier power output of a MURS radio
  • 4 W – tech: the power consumption of an incandescent night light
  • 4 W – tech: maximum allowed carrier power output of a 10-meter CB radio
  • 7 W - tech: the power consumption of a typical Light-emitting diode LED light bulb
  • 8 W – tech: human-powered equipment using a hand crank.
  • 14 W – tech: the power consumption of a typical household compact fluorescent light bulb
  • 20–40 W – biomed: approximate power consumption of the human brain
  • 30–40 W – tech: the power consumption of a typical household fluorescent tube light
  • 60 W – tech: the power consumption of a typical household incandescent light bulb
  • 100 W – biomed: approximate basal metabolic rate of an adult human body
  • 120 W – tech: electric power output of 1 m2 solar panel in full sunlight (approx. 12% efficiency), at sea level
  • 130 W – tech: peak power consumption of a Pentium 4 CPU
  • 200 W – tech: stationary bicycle average power output
  • 290 W – units: approximately 1000 BTU/hour
  • 300–400 W – tech: PC GPU Nvidia Geforce Fermi 480 peak power consumption
  • 400 W – tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United Kingdom
  • 500 W – biomed: power output (useful work plus heat) of a person working hard physically
  • 745.7 W – units: 1 horsepower
  • 750 W – astro: approximately the amount of sunshine falling on a square metre of the Earth's surface at noon on a clear day in March for northern temperate latitudes
  • 909 W – biomed: peak output power of a healthy human (non athlete) during a 30-second cycle sprint at 30.1 degree Celsius.
  • Kilowatt (103 watts)

  • 1 kW to 3 kW – tech: heat output of a domestic electric kettle
  • 1.1 kW – tech: power of a microwave oven
  • 1.366 kW – astro: power per square metre received from the Sun at the Earth's orbit
  • 1.5 kW – tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United States
  • up to 2 kW – biomed: approximate short-time power output of sprinting professional cyclists and weightlifters doing snatch lifts
  • 2.4 kW (21,283 kWh/year) – geo: average power consumption per person worldwide in 2008
  • 3.3–6.6 kW – eco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of ocean
  • 3.6 kW – tech: synchrotron radiation power lost per ring in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV
  • 10 kW to 50 kW – tech: nominal power of clear channel AM
  • 10.0 kW (87,216 kWh/year) – eco: average power consumption per person in the United States in 2008
  • 16–32 kW – eco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of land
  • 30 kW – tech: power generated by the four motors of GEN H-4 one-man helicopter
  • 40 kW to 200 kW – tech: approximate range of power output of typical automobiles
  • 50 kW to 100 kW – tech: highest allowed ERP for an FM band radio station in the United States
  • 167 kW – tech: power consumption of UNIVAC 1 computer
  • 250 kW to 800 kW – tech: approximate range of power output of 'supercars'
  • 450 kW – tech: approximate maximum power output of a large 18-wheeler truck engine
  • Megawatt (106 watts)

  • 1.3 MW – tech: power output of P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft
  • 2.0 MW – tech: peak power output of GE's standard wind turbine
  • 2.4 MW – tech: peak power output of a Princess Coronation class steam locomotive (approx 3.3K EDHP on test) (1937)
  • 2.5 MW – biomed: peak power output of a blue whale
  • 3 MW – tech: mechanical power output of a diesel locomotive
  • 7 MW - tech: mechanical power output of a Top Fuel dragster
  • 8 MW – tech: peak power output of the MHI Vestas V164, the world's largest offshore wind turbine
  • 10 MW – tech: highest ERP allowed for an UHF television station
  • 10.3 MW – geo: electrical power output of Togo
  • 12.2 MW – tech: approx power available to a Eurostar 20-carriage train
  • 16 MW – tech: rate at which a typical gasoline pump transfers chemical energy to a vehicle
  • 26 MW – tech: peak power output of the reactor of a Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine
  • 75 MW – tech: maximum power output of one GE90 jet engine as installed on the Boeing 777
  • 140 MW – tech: average power consumption of a Boeing 747 passenger aircraft
  • 190 MW – tech: peak power output of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
  • 500 MW - tech: typical power output of a Fossil fuel power station
  • 900 MW – tech: electric power output of a CANDU nuclear reactor
  • 959 MW – geo: average electrical power consumption of Zimbabwe in 1998
  • The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by utility companies is often measured in MW. Few things can sustain the transfer or consumption of energy on this scale; some of these events or entities include: lightning strikes, naval craft (such as aircraft carriers and submarines), engineering hardware, and some scientific research equipment (such as supercolliders and large lasers).

    For reference, about 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs or 5,000 computer systems would be needed to draw 1 MW. Also, 1 MW is approximately 1360 horsepower. Modern high-power diesel-electric locomotives typically have a peak power of 3–5 MW, while a typical modern nuclear power plant produces on the order of 500–2000 MW peak output.

    Gigawatt (109 watts)

  • 1.3 GW – tech: electric power output of Manitoba Hydro Limestone hydroelectric generating station
  • 2.074 GW – tech: peak power generation of Hoover Dam
  • 2.1 GW – tech: peak power generation of Aswan Dam
  • 4.116 GW – tech: installed capacity of Kendal Power Station, the world's largest coal-fired power plant.
  • 8.21 GW – tech: capacity of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, the world's largest nuclear power plant.
  • 10.7 GW – tech: estimated energy production of Costa Rica for 2015
  • 11.7 GW – tech: power produced by the Space Shuttle in liftoff configuration (9.875 GW from the SRBs; 1.9875 GW from the SSMEs.)
  • 12.6 GW – tech: electrical power generation of the Itaipu Dam
  • 12.7 GW – geo: average electrical power consumption of Norway in 1998
  • 18.3 GW – tech: peak electrical power generation of the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric power plant of any type.
  • 22.4 GW - tech: peak power of all German solar panels (at noon on a cloudless day), researched by the Fraunhofer ISE research institute in 2014 [3]
  • 55 GW – tech: peak daily electrical power consumption of Great Britain in November 2008.
  • 73.1 GW - tech: total installed power capacity of Turkey on December 31, 2015.
  • 101.6 GW – tech: peak electrical power consumption of France (February 8, 2012 at 7:00 pm)
  • 166 GW – tech: average power consumption of the first stage of the Saturn V rocket.
  • 433 GW – tech: total installed wind turbine capacity at end of 2015.
  • 700 GW – biomed: humankind basal metabolic rate as of 2013 (7 billion people).
  • Terawatt (1012 watts)

  • 2 TW – astro: approximate power generated between the surfaces of Jupiter and its moon Io due to Jupiter's tremendous magnetic field.
  • 3.34 TW – geo: average total (gas, electricity, etc.) power consumption of the US in 2005
  • 18.1 TW – tech: average total power consumption of the human world in 2013
  • 44 TW – geo: average total heat flux from Earth's interior
  • 75 TW – eco: global net primary production (= biomass production) via photosynthesis
  • 50 to 200 TW – weather: rate of heat energy release by a hurricane
  • 290 TW – tech: the power the Z machine reaches in 1 billionth of a second when it is fired
  • 300 TW – tech: power reached by the extremely high-power Hercules laser from the University of Michigan.
  • Petawatt (1015 watts)

  • 1.1 PW – tech: world's most powerful laser pulses by laser still in operation (claimed on March 31, 2008 by Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science at The University of Texas at Austin).
  • ~2 X 1.00 PW – tech: Omega EP laser power at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. There are two separate beams that are combined.
  • 1.25 PW – tech: world's most powerful laser pulses (claimed on May 23, 1996 by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory).
  • 1.4 PW – geo: estimated heat flux transported by the Gulf Stream.
  • 4 PW – geo: estimated total heat flux transported by Earth's atmosphere and oceans away from the equator towards the poles.
  • 5.13 PW – tech: world's most powerful laser pulses (claimed on Sept 9, 2016 by Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics).
  • 10–100 PW geo: estimated total power output of a Type-I civilization on the Kardashev scale.
  • 174.0 PW – astro: total power received by Earth from the Sun
  • 200 PW – tech: planned peak power of Extreme Light Infrastructure laser
  • Exawatt (1018 watts)

    In a keynote presentation, NIF & Photon Science Chief Technology Officer Chris Barty described the "Nexawatt" Laser, an exawatt (1,000-petawatt) laser concept based on NIF technologies, on April 13 at the SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics 2015 Conference in Prague. Barty also gave an invited talk on "Laser-Based Nuclear Photonics" at the SPIE meeting.

    Zettawatt (1021 watts)

  • 135 ZW – astro: approximate luminosity of Wolf 359
  • Yottawatt (1024 watts)

  • 10-100 YW – geo: estimated total power output of a Type-II civilization on the Kardashev scale.
  • 384.6 YW – astro: luminosity of the Sun
  • Greater than one thousand yottawatts

  • 3.31 × 1031 W – astro: approximate luminosity of Beta Centauri
  • 1.23 × 1032 W – astro: approximate luminosity of Deneb
  • 3.0768 × 1033 W – astro: approximate luminosity of R136a1
  • 5 × 1036 W – astro: approximate luminosity of the Milky Way galaxy.
  • 1 × 1039 W – astro: average luminosity of a quasar
  • 1 × 1041 W – astro: approximate luminosity of the most luminous quasars in our universe, e.g., APM 08279+5255 and HS 1946+7658.
  • 1 × 1042 W – astro: approximate luminosity of the Local Supercluster
  • 3 × 1042 W – astro: approximate luminosity of an average gamma-ray burst
  • 1 × 1045 W – astro: record for maximum beaming-corrected intrinsic luminosity ever achieved by a gamma-ray burst
  • 7.6 × 1047 W – phys: hawking radiation luminosity of a plank mass blackhole
  • 3.6 × 1049 W – astro: approximate peak power of GW150914, the first observation of gravitational waves
  • 3.63 × 1052 W – phys: the Planck power, the basic unit of power in the Planck units
  • References

    Orders of magnitude (power) Wikipedia


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