Mala Sen

Biography

Born on 3 June 1947 in Mussoorie in Uttarakhand, she was the daughter of Lt-Gen Lionel Proteep Sen and Kalyani Gupta. Following her parents divorce in 1953, she was brought up by her father. After attending Welham School in Dehradun, she studied home sciences at Nirmala Niketan College in Mumbai. In 1965 she eloped to England with Farrukh Dhondy who had won a scholarship to Cambridge University. They married in 1968 but divorced in 1976, although they continued to maintain a friendly relationship.

After arriving in England, Sen began working as a seamstress to help to pay the bills. Increasingly taking an interest in race relations, she fought for the rights of Indian factory workers in Leicester. Writing in the Race Today journal, she reported on how Bangladeshis in the East End of London worked in sweatshops while living in dormitories where beds were shared around the clock by shiftworkers. Separated from their Indian families, they did not qualify for housing accommodation as they were listed as single. Together with her husband and other activists, Sen founded the Bengali Housing Action Group which led to the establishment of Brick Lane as a safe living area for the Bangladeshi community in east London.

As a result of her effective involvement, Sen was invited to research television documentaries. While in India, she became particularly interested in press reports about a lower-caste, povert-stricken women called Phoolan Devi who has suffered forced marriage at 11, gang rape and kidnapping. Seeking revenge as she grew older, Devi sought justice for rape victims while supporting the poor by stealing from the rich. When 24, she was charged with the murder of high-caste Thakur men who had been involved in gang rape. In 1983, she negotiated her surrender, serving a prison sentence of 11 years. Sen visited Devi in prison where she succeeded in persuading her to dictate her story to fellow prisoners as she was unable to write herself. Her book India's Bandit Queen was subsequently published, based on Sen's research over a period of 11 years.

In the early 1990s, Channel 4 invited Sen to draft the screenplay for a feature film based on her book. It was edited by Dhondy, now a commissioning editor with the television company. Directed by Shekhar Kapur, Bandit Queen became one of India's most powerful films ever. But it led to considerable controversy when after its première in Cannes, the activist Arundhati Roy, supported by Sen, called for court action to ban its release in India in view of the gang rape scene which invaded Devi's sexual privacy. After receiving a settlement of £40,000, Devi withdrew her objections and the film was released for Indian audiences. Devi became an Indian member of parliament in 1999 but was shot dead two years later.

While investigating the background to Devi's life, Sen researched the general victimisation of women in rural India where they frequently undergo such pressures that they consider themselves worthless. As a result, she published her second book, Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry Death and Female Infanticide in Modern India in 2001. Adopting a semi-autobiographical fictional style, she tells the story of three women, an 18-year-old woman who is burnt alive on her husband's funeral pyre, another woman is set on fire by her husband, and a third is sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly killing her infant daughter. These examples are presented to show the differences in law enforcement for the rich and poor which have led to the creation of women's groups to work towards improvements in justice.

Mala Sen died on 21 May 2011 at the Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbrai after undergoing an operation for oesophageal cancer.