In service 1993 – present | Constructed 1991 - 1994 | |
 | ||
Manufacturer BREL
(under ABB, now Bombardier Transportation) Built at Derby Carriage and Wagon Works, England Replaced British Rail Class 487
1962 Stock Refurbishment Wabtec Rail UK
2006 (Waterloo & City trainsets only) | ||
The 1992 Tube Stock is the type of train used on the Central line and Waterloo & City line of the London Underground.
Contents
Construction
The 1992 Stock was built by BREL (under ABB, later Adtranz and now Bombardier Transportation) for the Central line following extensive testing of the three 1986 tube stock prototype trains. Even so, the introduction of this stock was far from trouble-free and there were many technical teething problems.
Eighty-five trains were ordered from BREL, each formed of four two-car units (two units have driving cabs, the others are fitted with shunting controls). Upon entering service in April 1993, the new units gradually replaced the previous 1962 tube stock, which was finally withdrawn two years later. The trains were manufactured at the former BREL Carriage Works in Derby (now the Bombardier Derby Carriage and Wagon Works).
The propulsion for the trains was manufactured by a consortium of ABB and Brush Traction, and was one of the first examples of microprocessor-controlled traction featuring a fibre-optic network to connect the different control units. The DC traction motors of LT130 type have separately-excited fields and are controlled via GTO (Gate turn-off) thyristors.
A Wheel Slide Protection (WSP) system was retrofitted due to the fleet suffering an epidemic problem of wheel flats. This was largely due to an excessive number of emergency brake applications caused during the ATO/ATP testing phases.
A fault in a train of this type led to the Chancery Lane derailment on 25 January 2003. The whole fleet had to be taken out of service for several months, which required the suspension of all services on the Central and Waterloo & City lines, to permit faulty bolts to be replaced.
The 1992 stock's design is reminiscent of the 1986 prototypes. The new 2009 stock trains, built by Bombardier Transport for the Victoria line, are more like the 1992 stock in shape and design than the 1995/1996 stock.
Due to excessive carbon brush wear, the replacement of the DC motors was considered, but decided against.
Waterloo & City line sets
After the initial construction run, an additional ten two-car units were built for British Rail for the Waterloo & City line, which until 1994 was part of the national railway network, and became their Class 482. When this line passed to London Underground at the start of the process to privatise British Rail on 1 April 1994, these units also passed to London Underground. The vehicles are essentially identical to those used on the Central line; the main difference being that trip-cocks are used for protection instead of ATO/ATP.
Transport for London and Metronet closed the Waterloo & City line for five months from April to September 2006 to allow major upgrade work on the tunnels and rolling stock. The line's limited access meant that this was first time that the units had been brought above ground since their introduction 12 years earlier. The refurbishment of the trains saw them painted in the London Underground white, red and blue livery in place of the Network SouthEast colours used since the stock's introduction.
Operation
The 1992 stock is one of the few stock types on the London underground to feature both ATO (Automatic Train Operation) and ATP (Automatic Train Protection) which effectively allow the trains to drive themselves. The ATO is responsible for operating the train whilst the ATP detects electronic codes in the track and feeds them to the cab, displaying the target speed limits. This functionality is configured via a switch in the driver's cab which can be set to one of three positions: Automatic, Coded Manual and Restricted Manual.
In Automatic mode the ATO and ATP are both fully operational. The driver is only required to open and close the doors and press both "Start" buttons when the train is ready to depart. The ATO will then control the train to the desired target speed, whilst the ATP is ready to apply the emergency brakes if the Maximum Safe Speed is exceeded.
In Coded Manual mode, the ATO is disabled and the driver operates the train manually, however the ATP is still detecting the codes in the track and restricting the driver's actions. The speedometer on 1992 stock is of the horizontal strip design showing two speeds: the Current Speed in green, indicating the speed at which the train is actually travelling, and the Target Speed indicating the speed at which the train should be travelling. Although the target speed is always active whilst running in Automatic or Coded Manual mode, in the latter mode a change in the target speed is indicated with an upwards or downwards tone depending on whether the target speed is increasing or decreasing. Should the driver exceed the target speed, an alarm sounds and the emergency brakes are automatically applied until the train is below the target speed; the alarm then stops.
In Restricted Manual mode, the train cannot exceed 18 km/h (11 mph) and the motors automatically cut out at 16 km/h (10 mph). The ATO and ATP are both disabled and the driver operates the train entirely by sight and according to the signals. This mode is used when there has been an ATP or signal failure, or in a depot where ATP is not used, e.g. West Ruislip and Hainault depots. On the main line, driving in ATO is the same for a train driver as driving through a section where signals have failed.
Announcer system
The 1992 Stock was the first of its type on the Underground to have a DVA (Digital Voice Announcer) from new. Until mid-2003, the DVA was voiced by then BBC journalist and presenter Janet Mayo, subsequently nicknamed 'Sonia', as some drivers thought the repetitiveness of the announcements 'gets on ya nerves'.
The original format of the announcements were as follows:
Since mid-2003, voice artist Emma Clarke has provided recordings for the 1992 Stock DVA, which were again revised in 2006. Emma continues to voice the line, despite London Underground allegedly 'sacking' her after an article by the Daily Mail was published in 2007. The article took her words from an interview out of context; saying that she "hated the tube," when in actual fact, she just said that she would not like to be in a tube carriage voiced by herself for self-conscious reasons.
The present format of the announcements is as follows:
2011 refresh
The 1992 Stock has had a refresh of both the interior and exterior. Some of the noticeable changes include a new seat moquette, improved lighting and improvements to the window frames. The front of the driving cabs are also being renewed. This includes repairing water ingress and replacing the large number of parts with a much simpler design, saving costs on future work. The new-style front end can be easily identified by the red panelling instead of the original grey. The refresh comes after nearly twenty years of continuous service on the Central line.
The Waterloo & City line's units also received the new moquette, but did not receive the new window frames or cab ends.
Future replacement
In October 2014, it was confirmed that the 1992 stock will be replaced by new semi-articulated trains currently known as the 'New Tube for London'. The stock will be used on the Bakerloo, Piccadilly, Central and Waterloo & City lines, and is due to enter service during the 2020s.