This is a list of Brazilian scientists, those born in Brazil or who have established citizenship or residency there.
Carolina Martuscelli Bori, psychologist and president of Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência entre 1986 e 1989Manuel de Abreu, physician, inventor of abreugraphy (mass radiography of the lungs for screening tuberculosis)Aziz Ab'Saber, geographer; geologist; ecologist recognized for the Theory of Refuges and Amazon studies; former president of the SBPCFernando Flávio Marques de Almeida, geologistCarlos Paz de Araújo, scientist and inventor, holds nearly 600 patents in the area of nanotechnologyJosé Márcio Ayres, biologist, zoologist, primatologistMarcia Barbosa, physicistWilson Teixeira Beraldo, co-discoverer of bradykininThaisa Storchi Bergmann, astrophysicist at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulCarlos Augusto Bertulani, physicistVital Brazil, physician and scientist, discoverer of the antivenom for snakes and other venomous animalsEnnio Candotti, physicist and scientific leaderFernando Henrique Cardoso, sociologist and former PresidentJosé Cândido de Melo Carvalho, biologist, zoologist, entomologistCarlos Chagas, biologist, zoologist, public health workerEvandro Chagas, physician and biomedical scientist specialized in tropical medicine; son of Carlos ChagasGauss Moutinho Cordeiro, mathematician and statisticianVera Cordeiro, social entrepreneur and physicianNewton da Costa (1929), mathematician and logician, recognised for his works in paraconsistent logicOswaldo Cruz, physician and public health champion, eliminated yellow fever, bubonic plague and smallpox in Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the 20th centuryEmmanuel Dias-Neto, biologist and geneticist; described the sequencing methodology ORESTESJohanna Döbereiner (1924–2000), biologist, discoverer of the nitrogen fixing role of soil bacteriaAdolpho Ducke, Croatian-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; entomologist; botanistFlorestan Fernandes (1920–1995), father of Brazilian sociologySérgio Henrique Ferreira, physician and pharmacologist, discovered the active principle of a drug for hypertensionCarlos Chagas Filho, physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, former president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences; son of Carlos ChagasHércules Florence, pioneer of photographySantiago Americano Freire (1908–1997), physician and professor of pharmacology, psychiatrist, writer, painterGilberto Freyre (1900–1987), historiographer and sociologistCelso Furtado, noted economist and ideologue of economy of developing nationsWagner Farid Gattaz, physician and scientist, member of the Brazilian Academy of SciencesMarcelo Gleiser, physicist, writer and professor of physics and astronomy at the Dartmouth College since 1991José Goldemberg, physicist, former Minister of Science & Technology and Dean of the University of São PauloÉmil Göldi, Swiss-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; naturalistBartolomeu de Gusmão, Brazilian Catholic priest, pioneer of aviation, the inventor of the balloon, became known as the "flying priest"Jacques Hüber, Swiss-Brazilian biologist; botanistIvan Izquierdo, physician and neuroscientist; discovered neural mechanisms of memoryJean Paul Jacob, electronic engineer, researcher and professor, research manager at the Almaden IBM Research Center, CaliforniaAdib Jatene, heart surgeonAlexander Kellner, Liechtensteinian/Brazilian paleontologistWarwick Estevam Kerr, geneticist, researcher on the biology and genetics of beesEduardo Krieger, physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of SciencesCésar Lattes, experimental physicist, co-discoverer of the pion, a type of subatomic particle, first president of the Brazilian National Research CouncilAristides Leão, physician and physiologist, discovered Leão's depression, a phenomenon of nervous tissueÂngelo Moreira da Costa Lima (1887–1964), doctor, entomologistHenrique da Rocha Lima, physician, pathologist and infectologist, discovered Rickettsia prowazekii, the pathogen of epidemic typhusJosé Leite Lopes, theoretical physicistAdolfo Lutz, physician and pioneer of public healthJosé Lutzenberger (1926–2002), ecologist and zoologistDaniel Martins-de-Souza, biologist; biochemistRoberto Landell de Moura, pioneer of telephonyFritz Müller, German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; botanist; naturalist; entomologistMiguel Nicolelis, neuroscientist, one of Scientific American's best scientists of 2004Jacob Palis, mathematician of international fame, current president of the Brazilian Academy of SciencesMaurício Peixoto, engineer, mathematician, pioneered the studies on structural stability, author of Peixoto's theoremDomingos Soares Ferreira Penna, biologist, zoologist, naturalistJosé Aristodemo Pinotti, physician and gynecologist, former president of the International Federation of Gynecology and ObstetricsMarcos Pontes, first Brazilian astronaut, Expedition 13André Rebouças (1838–1898), pioneer engineer, brother of Antônio Rebouças FilhoJosé Reis, biologist, greatest Brazilian science writerGilberto Righi, biologist, zoologist, specialist on earthwormsMilton Santos (1926–2001), geographer, won the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize, the highest award that can be gained in the field of geographyAlberto Santos-Dumont, aviator and inventorMário Schenberg, theoretical physicistHelmut Sick, German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; ornithologistLotar Siewerdt, agronomist; forage productionManuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva, responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis diseaseMaurício Rocha e Silva, physician and pharmacologist, discovered bradykinin, an active cardiovascular peptideNise da Silveira (1905–1999), psychiatrist and mental health reformerJorge Stolfi, computer scientist, professor at UNICAMPJayme Tiomno, experimental and theoretical nuclear physicistPaulo Emílio Vanzolini, biologist, zoologist, herpetologistGlaci Zancan, biochemistMayana Zatz, biologist and geneticistEuryclides Zerbini, heart surgeon, pioneer of first heart transplant in Brazil