There are Leaders of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) at the federal level as well as in each Australian state and territory. Australian Labor Party leaders are chosen from among the members of the respective parliamentary parties either by the members only or with an input from the ALP rank-and-file members.
The federal Labor Caucus comprising the elected members of the Labor party in both Houses of the national Parliament is involved in the election of the federal parliamentary leaders from among its members. The leader has historically been a member of the House of Representatives. Caucus also has the power to dismiss a party leader in a process called a leadership spill. Until 2013, a spill vote could be called at any time and a simple majority of votes in Caucus was sufficient to remove a leader. Following the return of Kevin Rudd to the leadership of the ALP in 2013, he sought changes to the party's rules so that leadership spills would be more difficult to launch in future, including a requirement for 75% majority in Caucus for a leadership spill against a sitting Labor prime minister, or 60% against an opposition leader. The changes also provided for equally weighted voting rights between Caucus and party rank and file members. These changes were adopted by Caucus in July 2013, which was not a change to the party's constitution (and theoretically can be reverted by a simple majority in Caucus). At the October 2013 leadership spill Bill Shorten was the first leader elected under the new rules. Shorten received 55-43 votes in Caucus, which was sufficient to overcome his 40% support among party members.
When the Labor Party is in government, the party leader becomes the Prime Minister and the deputy leader becomes the Deputy Prime Minister. If a Labor prime minister resigns or dies in office, the deputy leader becomes party leader and is sworn in as prime minister on an interim basis until a party successor is elected. This was the case upon the death in office of John Curtin on 5 July 1945. Frank Forde, the deputy party leader, was sworn in as interim prime minister until Ben Chifley was elected by Caucus as party leader on 13 July. If the leader is out of the country or is on leave, the deputy leader acts as party leader and prime minister, without being sworn into the office.
The federal Leaders of the Australian Labor Party have been as follows:
Shown in chronological order of leadership
Rosemary Follett (1989, 1991–95, inaugural Chief Minister of the ACT, and first female head of government of an Australian state or territory)
Jon Stanhope (2001–11)
Katy Gallagher (2011–14)
James McGowen (1910–13)
William Holman (1913–16)
John Storey (1920–21)
James Dooley (1921, 1921–22)
Jack Lang (1925–27, 1930–32)
William McKell (1941–47)
James McGirr (1947–52)
Joseph Cahill (1952–59)
Robert Heffron (1959–64)
Jack Renshaw (1964–65)
Neville Wran (1976–86)
Barrie Unsworth (1986–88)
Bob Carr (1995–2005)
Morris Iemma (2005–08)
Nathan Rees (2008–09)
Kristina Keneally (2009–11, first female premier of New South Wales)
Clare Martin (2001–07, first Labor Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, first female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory)
Paul Henderson (2007–12)
Queensland
Anderson Dawson (1899, world's first leader of a parliamentary socialist government)
T. J. Ryan (1915–19)
Ted Theodore (1919–25)
William Gillies (1925)
William McCormack (1925–29)
William Forgan Smith (1932–42)
Frank Cooper (1942–46)
Ned Hanlon (1946–52)
Vince Gair (1952–57)
Wayne Goss (1989–96)
Peter Beattie (1998–2007)
Anna Bligh (2007–12, first female premier of Queensland, and first woman in Australia to win an election as premier)
Thomas Price (1905–09)
John Verran (1910–12)
Crawford Vaughan (1915–17)
John Gunn (1924–26)
Lionel Hill (1926–27, 1930–33)
Robert Richards (1933)
Frank Walsh (1965–67)
Don Dunstan (1967–68, 1970–79)
Des Corcoran (1979)
John Bannon (1982–92)
Lynn Arnold (1992–93)
Mike Rann (2002–11)
John Earle (1909, 1914–16)
Joseph Lyons (1923–28)
Albert Ogilvie (1934–39)
Edmund Dwyer-Gray (1939)
Robert Cosgrove (1939–47, 1948–58)
Edward Brooker (1947–48)
Eric Reece (1958–69, 1972–75)
Bill Neilson (1975–77)
Doug Lowe (1977–81)
Harry Holgate (1981–82)
Michael Field (1989–92)
Jim Bacon (1998–2004)
Paul Lennon (2004–08)
David Bartlett (2008–11)
Lara Giddings (2011–14, first female Premier of Tasmania)
George Elmslie (1913)
George Prendergast (1924)
Edmond Hogan (1927–28, 1929–32)
John Cain (senior) (1943, 1945–47, 1952–55)
John Cain II (1982–90)
Joan Kirner (1990–92, first female premier of Victoria)
Steve Bracks (1999–2007)
John Brumby (2007–10)
Henry Daglish (1904–05)
John Scaddan (1911–16)
Philip Collier (1924–30, 1933–36)
John Willcock (1936–45)
Frank Wise (1945–47)
Albert Hawke (1953–59)
John Tonkin (1971–74)
Brian Burke (1983–88)
Peter Dowding (1988–90)
Carmen Lawrence (1990–93, first female premier of an Australian state)
Geoff Gallop (2001–06)
Alan Carpenter (2006–08)
