In general topology and related areas of mathematics, the initial topology (or weak topology or limit topology or projective topology) on a set
Contents
- Definition
- Examples
- Characteristic property
- Evaluation
- Separating points from closed sets
- Categorical description
- References
The subspace topology and product topology constructions are both special cases of initial topologies. Indeed, the initial topology construction can be viewed as a generalization of these.
The dual construction is called the final topology.
Definition
Given a set X and an indexed family (Yi)i∈I of topological spaces with functions
the initial topology τ on
is continuous.
Explicitly, the initial topology may be described as the topology generated by sets of the form
Examples
Several topological constructions can be regarded as special cases of the initial topology.
Characteristic property
The initial topology on X can be characterized by the following characteristic property:
A function
Note that, despite looking quite similar, this is not a universal property. A categorical description is given below.
Evaluation
By the universal property of the product topology, we know that any family of continuous maps fi : X → Yi determines a unique continuous map
This map is known as the evaluation map.
A family of maps {fi: X → Yi} is said to separate points in X if for all x ≠ y in X there exists some i such that fi(x) ≠ fi(y). Clearly, the family {fi} separates points if and only if the associated evaluation map f is injective.
The evaluation map f will be a topological embedding if and only if X has the initial topology determined by the maps {fi} and this family of maps separates points in X.
Separating points from closed sets
If a space X comes equipped with a topology, it is often useful to know whether or not the topology on X is the initial topology induced by some family of maps on X. This section gives a sufficient (but not necessary) condition.
A family of maps {fi: X → Yi} separates points from closed sets in X if for all closed sets A in X and all x not in A, there exists some i such that
where cl denoting the closure operator.
Theorem. A family of continuous maps {fi: X → Yi} separates points from closed sets if and only if the cylinder setsIt follows that whenever {fi} separates points from closed sets, the space X has the initial topology induced by the maps {fi}. The converse fails, since generally the cylinder sets will only form a subbase (and not a base) for the initial topology.
If the space X is a T0 space, then any collection of maps {fi} which separate points from closed sets in X must also separate points. In this case, the evaluation map will be an embedding.
Categorical description
In the language of category theory, the initial topology construction can be described as follows. Let Y be the functor from a discrete category J to the category of topological spaces Top which selects the spaces Yj for j in J. Let U be the usual forgetful functor from Top to Set. The maps {fj} can then be thought of as a cone from X to UY. That is, (X, f) is an object of Cone(UY)—the category of cones to UY.
The characteristic property of the initial topology is equivalent to the statement that there exists a universal morphism from the forgetful functor
U′ : Cone(Y) → Cone(UY)to the cone (X, f). By placing the initial topology on X we therefore obtain a functor
I : Cone(UY) → Cone(Y)which is right adjoint to the forgetful functor U′. In fact, I is a right-inverse to U′ since U′I is the identity functor on Cone(UY).