There are thought to be over half a million undocumented immigrants in New York City. They come from many parts of the world, especially Latin America, Asia and the Caribbean. About 70% of them have paid work, in catering, construction, retail, driving, cleaning and many other trades; at least in catering, their wages tend to be lower than those of comparable workers. However, provision of healthcare, education and welfare benefits, in addition to law enforcement, imposes a net cost on public funds. City regulations restrict public officials and police officers from enquiring about immigration status of residents with whom they come into contact.
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Profile and demographics
According to a study by the Fiscal Policy Institute, about 4.08 million immigrants lived in New York State in 2007, and according to the Migration Policy Institute, about 4.47 million immigrants lived in the state in 2014. Of the immigrants in the state, about three million live in New York City. The number of immigrants living in New York City increased only slightly from 2000 to 2011, with an increase from 2,871,032 to 3,066,599 residents being born outside the United States.
According to a 2005 estimate, there are 645,000 undocumented immigrants in the state of New York, and there are 535,000 undocumented immigrants in New York City alone. In all, undocumented immigrants make up 18 percent of all immigrants living in New York City. Undocumented immigrants in New York City come from a wide array of countries from all over the globe. According to an estimate by Jeffrey S. Passel of the Pew Hispanic Center, 27 percent of undocumented immigrants in New York City come from Mexico and Central America, 23 percent come from South Asia and East Asia, 22 percent come from the Caribbean, 13 percent come from South America, eight percent come from Europe, five percent come from Africa, and two percent come from the Middle East.
Participation in labor force
Although undocumented immigrants do not have legal permanent status in New York City, they have a significant presence in the city’s economy and job market. As former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, “Although [undocumented immigrants] broke the law by illegally crossing our borders or over-staying their visas and our businesses broke the law by employing them, our city’s economy would be a shell of itself had they not, and it would collapse if they were deported”. According to a Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of 2000 to 2006 data, there are 374,000 undocumented immigrant workers in New York City, which makes up 10 percent of the resident workforce. With 374,000 out of 535,000 undocumented immigrants working in New York City, undocumented immigrants have a labor force participation rate of roughly 70 percent. This percentage is higher than the labor force participation rate for native-born residents, 60 percent, or for overall foreign-born residents, 64 percent, in New York City.
Undocumented immigrants can be found working in almost every industry in New York City performing a wide variety of tasks. More than half of all dishwashers in the city are undocumented immigrants, as are a third of all sewing machine operators, painters, cooks, construction laborers, and food preparation workers. Undocumented immigrants also make up close to 30 percent of the city’s automotive service technicians amd mechanics, waiters, maids and housekeeping cleaners, and carpenters. The five occupations with the most undocumented immigrant workers in New York City are cooks (21,000), janitors and building cleaners (19,000), construction laborers (17,000), maids and housekeeping cleaners (16,000), and waiters (15,000).
Restaurant industry
The restaurant industry may be the industry that employs the most undocumented immigrants. In 2007, 36 percent of restaurant workers were undocumented immigrants. According to a 2008 estimate from the Pew Hispanic Center, about 20 percent of the nearly 2.6 million chefs, head cooks and cooks in the United States are undocumented immigrants. According to a 2005 report by the Restaurant Opportunities Center of New York and the New York City Restaurant Industry Coalition, undocumented immigrant workers in the restaurant industry in New York City receive substantially lower wages than legal workers. According to the report, the median wage of all restaurant workers in the city was $8.00 an hour. However, when undocumented immigrant workers’ earnings were taken out of the sample, the median wage rose to $9.00 an hour. A Manhattan chef and restaurateur explained, “We always, always hire the undocumented workers… It’s not just me, it’s everybody in the industry. First, they are willing to do the work. Second, they are willing to learn. Third, they are not paid as well. It’s an economic decision. It’s less expensive to hire an undocumented person”.
Mexican immigrants
According to an analysis of the most recently available census data, Mexican immigrants have the highest rate of employment among the city’s 10 largest immigrant groups, and they are more likely to hold jobs than New York City’s native-born population. Based on the 2008 census data, about 75 percent of all Mexicans in the city between ages 16 and 65 are in the civilian labor force and only around four percent of them are unemployed, which is well below the nation’s current unemployment rate of 9.6%. Experts say the main reason so many of these immigrants are employed is because they are undocumented, and, consequently, they are less likely to report workplace abuses to the authorities for fear of deportation. As a result, many of these workers hold jobs that pay less than the minimum wage and require them to work 100-hour work weeks.
Education
In 1996, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: "The reality is that [undocumented immigrants] are here, and they're going to remain here. The choice becomes for a city what do you do? Allow them to stay on the streets or allow them to be educated? The preferred choice from the point of view of New York City is to be educated".
New York City’s educational policy has allowed undocumented students to receive education through the state’s public school systems. An estimated 345,000, or 11.7 percent, of the K-12 public school students in New York are children of undocumented immigrants. Undocumented immigrants also play a large role in the college system in New York City mainly due to the fact that the state allows undocumented immigrant students who grew up in the state to attend public colleges at in-state tuition rates. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, the State University of New York system does not keep track of whether a foreign student is in the country legally or illegally. Consequentially, the City University of New York hosts about 2,000 undocumented immigrant students.
According to Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), undocumented immigrants in K-12 public schools cost New York City $1.5 billion per year. The U.S. citizen children of undocumented immigrants cost an additional $2.8 billion per year, making the total cost of educating undocumented immigrants and their children in K-12 public schools more than $4.3 billion annually. The state’s admission of undocumented immigrants into the state’s public universities and community colleges at subsidized in-state tuition rates costs the city and state an additional $29–38 million per year.
Medical
Medical care provided to undocumented immigrants imposes little cost upon New York City. According to a 2002 report by the United States General Accounting Office, in-patient hospital care provided to undocumented immigrants cost the state $474 million. When emergency room outpatient treatment is also included, the overall reimbursed medical outlay for health care provided to the state’s undocumented immigrant population is estimated to amount to $690 million a year.
Law enforcement
Although New York City does not check immigration status when undocumented immigrants seek medical attention or education services, the city does check the immigration status of anyone who commits a crime. In 1994, the Urban Institute estimated the undocumented immigrant prisoner population to be 2,158 persons. As of 2005, the number of deportable immigrant prisoner-years in New York facilities was about 6,500. In New York City alone, the number of deportable immigrant prisoner-years was 1,656.. The total salary-related incarceration costs are about $208 million per year, and the uncompensated cost of incarcerating deportable undocumented immigrants in New York’s state and local prisons amounts to about $165 million a year.
Welfare and health benefits
According to the Center for Immigration Studies, which favors tougher immigration enforcement, almost half the households headed by an undocumented immigrant are receiving welfare, food assistance and health benefits for their children.
In total, the undocumented immigrant population residing in New York costs more than $5 billion per year in public funding for education, medical care and incarceration costs, according to the Federation for American Immigration Reform. This amounts to about $874 for each New York household headed by a native-born resident. Even if the estimated $730 million in sales, income and property taxes collected from undocumented immigrants are subtracted from the fiscal outlays, net costs still amount to more than $4.5 billion per year.
Laws
In October 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act (ICRA), which authorized legalization for undocumented immigrants who could prove they had resided in the U.S. continually, although without appropriate documentation, since January 1, 1982. About 171,000 New York foreign residents (118,200 long-term undocumented residents and 52,900 undocumented agricultural workers) received legal residence as a result of the 1986 amnesty.
Currently, New York City has a sanctuary city policy that accommodates undocumented immigrants by prohibiting its police from asking about immigration status. This policy applies to the entire state. As Mayor Bloomberg explained, “Our general policy in this area protects the confidentiality of law-abiding immigrants, regardless of their status, when they report a crime or visit a hospital or send their children to school”. In New York State, undocumented immigrants cannot get a driver's license. However, they can pay the same tuition rates to attend a New York state university or other public university. Additionally, the state supports a 2014 executive order by Barack Obama that protects about 4 million undocumented immigrants from deportation (excluding 1.2 million immigrants protected by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals act) and allows undocumented immigrants to gain work permits.
On September 17, 2003, Bloomberg issued Executive Order 41 to protect the privacy of undocumented immigrants and to grant them access to City services that they need and are entitled to receive. According to Executive Order 41, if an undocumented immigrant goes to a City agency to request certain services or benefits, City employees will not ask about his immigration status unless it is required by law or necessary to determine whether he is eligible to receive those services or benefits. Furthermore, if an undocumented immigrant is the victim or witness of a crime, or if he calls or approaches the police seeking assistance, police officers will not inquire about his immigration status.
In January 2017, President Donald Trump enacted a new executive order that would allow undocumented immigrants nationwide to be deported on lesser charges than previously. Over the week of February 6, 2017, six hundred people in 11 states, including 41 people in the New York City area, were arrested by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The ICE stated that of those arrested in the New York City area, 95% of those arrested were "criminal aliens." Specifically, of the 41 arrested, 38 had at least one criminal conviction. The New York City raids had been planned since January and focused mainly on people who immigrated illegally from Central American countries. The ICE had arrested more undocumented immigrants in the New York metropolitan area in previous raids, including 58 in an August 2016 raid. However, the new ICE raids under Trump's presidency represented an increased enforcement of immigration policy, including detaining and potentially deporting 8 million of the country's estimated 11 million illegal immigrants. As a result, after the February raids, there were reports of increases in people looking for free legal help from immigrant-rights law firms. The New York City Police Department said that it was not involved in the raids.