Possible time of origin 25,000–45,000 years BP | Defining mutations L901/M2939 | |
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Highest frequencies | ||
In human genetics, Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. This haplogroup is found at high frequencies among some populations in South Asia, particularly the subclade H1 (H-M69), including its direct descendant H1a (M52). Outside South Asia, H1a1 (H-M82) – which is a direct descendant of H1a (M52) – is found commonly in the paternal lineage of Romani people.
Contents
- Structure
- Distribution
- South Asia
- Romani people
- Central Asia Middle East and Europe
- East and Southeast Asia
- Haplogroup H2 P96
- Tree
- Distribution of H1a1 M82 and H2 P96
- References
Haplogroup H2 (P96) seems to be primarily European, and very ancient. It was recently found in Linear Pottery culture and Neolithic Iberia and may have entered Europe as long ago during the Epipaleolithic. It was founded to have somewhat of a higher average concentration in Western Europe, but was also found amongst many ethnicities of the Near East; most notably Armenians and Iranian peoples; as well as India and other Southern Asia.
Structure
H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of Haplogroup GHIJK. There are, in turn, three direct descendants of H-L901/M2939 – their defining SNPs are as follows:
Distribution
H-L901/M2939 is believed to have arisen in South Asia between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is South Asia, since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-Chromosome haplogroup of the paleolithic inhabitants of Indian-Subcontinent. Some individuals in South Asia have also been shown to belong to the much rarer subclade H3 (Z5857).
However, in South Asia, haplogroup H is by NO means restricted to specific populations. For example, H is possessed by about 28.8% of Indo-Aryan castes. and in tribals about 25–35%.
South Asia
Haplogroup H-M69 is fairly common among populations of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal, with lower frequency in Afghanistan. The highest frequencies of H-M69 are in India, especially in southern India at (32.9%). and H-M52 among Kalash (20.5%) in Pakistan.
Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in:
Romani people
Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkan Romani group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total. A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).
Important studies show a limited introgression of the typical Romani Y-chromosome haplogroup H1 in several European groups, including approximately 0.61% in Gheg Albanians, 2.48% in Tosk Albanians and 0.9% in Serbians.
Central Asia, Middle East and Europe
Haplogroup H1 has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe, 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of Turks, 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians, 4% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand, 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand, 3% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm, 3% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians, 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from southern Iran, 2% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan, 1% (1/92 H-M82) to 2% (1/50 H-M69) of Ukrainians, 2% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara, 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks, 2% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley, 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of Serbians, 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks, and 0.5% (1/201) H-M52 in a sample of Somali immigrants in Denmark.
In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates (including 4/164 = 2.4% H-M69(xM52,Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H-M82), approximately 2% of males from Oman, 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xM52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H-M82), and 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar.
The subclade H-APT has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.
East and Southeast Asia
At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from Northern Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69), Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69), Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)), Bamars from Myanmar (1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region), Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69), and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69). The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.
Haplogroup H2 (P96)
The H-P96 lineage is defined by seven SNPs. They are P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286. H-P96 defines the H-P96 subclade. H2 (P96) was found in Neolithic Iberia. There is somewhat of a concentration of H-P96 in Western Europe: in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. But it is also found in Armenia, Iran, and India. It is hypothesized that Haplogroup H2 may have been one of the original patrilineal lineages of the earliest Europeans; and may indicate that ancient Europeans once shared a common ancestor with the Proto-Dravidian peoples of the Southern Indian Subcontinent.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup H and its Subclades tree – 2016.
Distribution of H1a1-M82 and H2-P96
The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M82 and P96, showing its distribution in different part of the world.