Possible place of origin East Africa Descendants E-V38, E-M215 | Ancestor E-P177 | |
Possible time of origin 30,000 - 38,200 years BP Defining mutations DYS391p, L337, L339, L342, L487, L492, L613, P2/PN2, P179, P180, P181 | ||
In human population genetics, haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. E-P2 is the most dominant Y-Chromosome lineage in Africa and exists at lower frequencies in the Middle East and Europe. The lineage is thought to have originated in or near modern day Ethiopia or Somalia.
Contents
Origin
E-P2 is likely to have originated in the highlands of East Africa's Ethiopia, as this is the place with the high frequency of ancestral subclades of this haplogroup. E-P2 is the ancestor of the majority of E subclade lineages existing today. It has diverged into two subclades: E-V38 and E-M215 approximately 24-27,000 years ago.
Trombetta et al. 2011, further confirmed the previously suggested place of origin of this haplogroup by stating:
The new topology here reported has important implications as to the origins of the haplogroup E-P2. Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E-M215 trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E-P2 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested, and that chromosomes E-M2, so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.
Distribution
This haplogroup is found mostly in Africa, mainly in the forms of its predominant sub-clades, E-V38 and E-M215, with E-V38 being more common in North Africa, Western Africa, Central Africa, southern Eastern Africa, and Southern Africa and E-M215 being more common in Northern Africa and Horn of Africa as well as being found in lower frequencies also in Southern Africa and Western Eurasia.
The paraclade, referred to as E-P2*, and including cases which are neither in E-V38 or E-M215 are either rare or nonexistent. So far none have been found.
Semino et al. (2004) found E-P2 (xM35,xM2) in 10.4% of 48 Ethiopian Amhara, 12.8% of 78 Ethiopian Oromo, 1.9% of 53 South African Bantu, and 2.9% of 139 Senegalese.
Wood et al. (2005) have reported finding E-P2(xP1, xM35)in 11% (1/9) of a sample of Oromo from Ethiopia, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania, 10% (2/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of various South Semitic languages from Ethiopia, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Amhara from Ethiopia, 3% (1/30) of a sample of Ewe from Ghana, 3% (1/32) of a sample of Fante from Ghana, and 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal.
Stefflova et al. (2009) reported one individual out of a sample of 199 African American men from Philadelphia with E-P2 (xM35, xM2).
Cruciani et al. (2002) found E-P2 (xM35, xM2) in: 18% of 22 Ethiopian Jews, 2% of 49 Mossi from Burkina Faso, 3% of 37 Rimaibe also from Burkina Faso, and 6% of 17 Fulbe from Cameroon.
Semino et al. (2002) found E-P2 (xM35, xM2) in 18.2% of 88 Ethiopians.
Moran et al. (2004) found E-P2 (xM35, xM2) in Ethiopian athletes and control groups and reported the following results; General control : 4%(4/95), Arsi control : 8%(7/85), 5-10K : 22%(5/23) and Track and Field: 11%(2/11).
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 treeKarafet2008 and subsequent published research.