Entrez 2908 | Ensembl ENSG00000113580 | |
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Aliases NR3C1, GCCR, GCR, GCRST, GR, GRL, nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1, Glucocorticoid Receptor External IDs MGI: 95824 HomoloGene: 30960 GeneCards: NR3C1 | ||
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind.
Contents
- Structure
- Ligand binding and response
- Transactivation
- Transrepression
- Clinical significance
- Agonists and antagonists
- Interactions
- References
The GR is expressed in almost every cell in the body and regulates genes controlling the development, metabolism, and immune response. Because the receptor gene is expressed in several forms, it has many different (pleiotropic) effects in different parts of the body.
When the GR binds to glucocorticoids, its primary mechanism of action is the regulation of gene transcription. The unbound receptor resides in the cytosol of the cell. After the receptor is bound to glucocorticoid, the receptor-glucorticoid complex can take either of two paths. The activated GR complex up-regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus or represses the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in the cytosol (by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus).
In humans, the GR protein is encoded by NR3C1 gene which is located on chromosome 5 (5q31).
Structure
Like the other steroid receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor is modular in structure and contains the following domains (labeled A - F):
Ligand binding and response
In the absence of hormone, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resides in the cytosol complexed with a variety of proteins including heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the protein FKBP52 (FK506-binding protein 52). The endogenous glucocorticoid hormone cortisol diffuses through the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in release of the heat shock proteins. The resulting activated form GR has two principal mechanisms of action, transactivation and transrepression, described below.
Transactivation
A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, and binding to specific DNA responsive elements activating gene transcription. This mechanism of action is referred to as transactivation. The biological response depends on the cell type.
Transrepression
In the absence of activated GR, other transcription factors such as NF-κB or AP-1 themselves are able to transactivate target genes. However activated GR can complex with these other transcription factors and prevent them from binding their target genes and hence repress the expression of genes that are normally upregulated by NF-κB or AP-1. This indirect mechanism of action is referred to as transrepression.
Clinical significance
The GR is abnormal in familial glucocorticoid resistance.
In central nervous system structures, the glucocorticoid receptor is gaining interest as a novel representative of neuroendocrine integration, functioning as a major component of endocrine influence - specifically the stress response - upon the brain. The receptor is now implicated in both short and long-term adaptations seen in response to stressors and may be critical to the understanding of psychological disorders, including some or all subtypes of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Indeed, long-standing observations such as the mood dysregulations typical of Cushing's disease demonstrate the role of corticosteroids in regulating psychologic state; recent advances have demonstrated interactions with norepinephrine and serotonin at the neural level.
Agonists and antagonists
Dexamethasone and other corticosteroids are agonists, and mifepristone and ketoconazole are antagonists of the GR.
Interactions
Glucocorticoid receptor has been shown to interact with: