![]() | ||
In quantum mechanics, a Fock state or number state is a quantum state that is an element of a Fock space with a well-defined number of particles (or quanta). These states are named after the Soviet physicist Vladimir Fock. Fock states play an important role in the second quantization formulation of quantum mechanics.
Contents
- Definition
- Example using two particles
- Bosonic Fock state
- Boson Creation and Annihilation operators
- Hermiticity of Creation and Annihilation operator
- Operator Identities
- Action on some specific Fock states
- Action of Number operator
- Symmetric behaviour of Bosonic Fock states
- Fermion Creation and Annihilation operators
- Maximum Occupation number
- Antisymmetric behaviour of Fermionic Fock state
- Fock states are not Energy eigenstates in general
- Vacuum fluctuations
- Multi mode Fock states
- Source of single photon state
- Non classical behaviour
- References
The particle representation was first treated in detail by Paul Dirac for bosons and by Pascual Jordan and Eugene Wigner for fermions.
Definition
One specifies a multiparticle state of N non-interacting identical particles by writing the state as a sum of tensor products of N one-particle states. The tensor products must be alternating products or symmetric products of the underlying one-particle Hilbert space according to whether the particles are fermions or bosons. If the number of particles is variable, one constructs Fock space as the direct sum of the tensor product Hilbert spaces for each particle number.
Then it is possible to specify the same state in a new notation, the occupancy number notation, by specifying the number of particles in each possible one-particle state.
Let ki be an orthonormal basis of states in the underlying one-particle Hilbert space. This induces a corresponding basis of the Fock space called the "occupancy number basis". A quantum state in the Fock space is called a Fock state if it is an element of the occupancy number basis.
A Fock state satisfies an important criterion: for each i, the state is an eigenstate of the particle number operator
A given Fock state is denoted by
Hence the Fock state is an eigenstate of the number operator with eigenvalue
Fock states form the most convenient basis of a Fock space. Elements of a Fock space which are superpositions of states of differing particle number (and thus not eigenstates of the number operator) are not Fock states. Thus, not all elements of a Fock space are referred to as "Fock states".
The definition of Fock state ensures that
Example using two particles
For any final state
So, we must have,
where
As
and
Note that the number operator does not distinguish bosons from fermions; indeed, it just counts particles without regard to their symmetry type. To perceive any difference between them, we need other operators, namely the creation and annihilation operators.
Bosonic Fock state
Bosons, which are particles with integer spin, follow a simple rule: their composite eigenstate is symmetric under operation by an exchange operator. For example, in a two particle system in the tensor product representation we have
Boson Creation and Annihilation operators
We should be able to express the same symmetric property in this new Fock space representation. For this we introduce non-Hermitian bosonic creation and annihilation operators, denoted by
Hermiticity of Creation and Annihilation operator
Creation and Annihilation operators are not Hermitian operators.
Operator Identities
The commutation relations of creation and annihilation operators in a bosonic system are
where
Action on some specific Fock states
and,
and,
Action of Number operator
The number operators for a bosonic system are given by
Number operators are Hermitian operators.
Symmetric behaviour of Bosonic Fock states
The commutation relations of the creation and annihilation operators ensure that the bosonic Fock states have the appropriate symmetric behaviour under particle exchange. Here, exchange of particles between two states is done by annihilating one particle in one state and creating one in another. If we start with a Fock state,
Using the commutation relation we have,
So, the Bosonic Fock state behaves to be symmetric under operation by Exchange operator.
Fermion Creation and Annihilation operators
To be able to retain the antisymmetric behaviour of fermions, for Fermionic fock states we introduce non-Hermitian Fermion Creation and annihilation operators, defined as, for a Fermionic fock state,
and Annihilation operator acts as:
These two actions are done antisymmetrically, which we shall discuss later.
Operator Identities
The anticommutation relations of creation and annihilation operators in a fermionic system are,
where
Action of Number operator
Number Operator for Fermions is given by
Maximum Occupation number
The action of the number operator as well as the creation and annihilation operators might seem same as the bosonic ones, but the real twist comes from the maximum occupation number of each state in the fermionic Fock state. Extending the 2-particle fermionic example above, we first must convince ourselves that a fermionic Fock state
This determinant is called the Slater determinant. If any of the single particle states are the same, two rows of the Slater determinant would be same and hence the determinant would be zero. Hence, two identical fermions must not occupy the same state. Therefore, the occupation number of any single state is either 0 or 1. The eigenvalue associated to the fermionic Fock state
Action on some specific Fock states
and
and
where
Antisymmetric behaviour of Fermionic Fock state
Antisymmetric behaviour of Fermionic states under Exchange operator is taken care of the anticommutation relations. Here, exchange of particles between two states is done by annihilating one particle in one state and creating one in other. If we start with a Fock state,
Using the anticommutation relation we have,
but,
So, the Fermionic Fock state behaves to be antisymmetric under operation by Exchange operator.
Fock states are not Energy eigenstates in general
In second quantization theory, the Hamiltonian density function is given by
The total Hamiltonian is given by
In free Schrödinger theory,
and
and
where
Only for non-interacting particles do
If they do not commute, the Hamiltonian will not have the above expression. Therefore, in general, Fock states are not energy eigenstates of a system.
Vacuum fluctuations
The vacuum state or
The electrical and magnetic fields and the vector potential have the mode expansion of the same general form:
Thus it is easy to see that the expectation values of these field operators vanishes in the vacuum state:
However, it can be shown that the expectation values of the square of these field operators is non-zero. Thus there are fluctuations in the field about the zero ensemble average. These vacuum fluctuations are responsible for many interesting phenomenon including the Lamb shift in quantum optics.
Multi-mode Fock states
In a multi-mode field each creation and annihilation operator operates on its own mode. So
The creation and annihilation operators operate on the multi-mode state by only raising or lowering the number state of their own mode:
We also define the total number operator for the field which is a sum of number operators of each mode:
The multi-mode Fock state is an eigenvector of the total number operator whose eigenvalue is the total occupation number of all the modes
In case of non-interacting particles, number operator and Hamiltonian commute with each other and hence multi-mode Fock states become eigenstates of the multi-mode Hamiltonian
Source of single photon state
Single photons are routinely generated using single emitters (atoms, Nitrogen-vacancy center , Quantum dot ). However, these sources are not always very efficient (low probability of actually getting a single photon on demand) and often complex and unsuitable out of a laboratory environment. Other sources are commonly used that overcome these issues at the expense of a nondeterministic behavior. Heralded single photon sources are probabilistic two-photon sources from whom the pair is split and the detection of one photon heralds the presence of the remaining one. These sources usually rely on the optical nonlinearity of some materials like periodically poled Lithium niobate (Spontaneous parametric down-conversion), or silicon (spontaneous Four-wave mixing) for example.
Non-classical behaviour
The Glauber-Sudarshan P-representation of Fock states shows that these states are purely quantum mechanical and have no classical counterpart. The