An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym). Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages and other languages may have their own exonym for the English endonym, for example Llundain is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London".
An English exonym is typically a place name given by an English-speaking linguistic community to a topographic feature situated in a territory where English has no official status. British English traditionally uses the term "conventional name", but the more internationally accepted term is "exonym".
"For a toponym to be defined as an exonym, there must exist a minimum degree of difference between it and the corresponding endonym. ... Ĉkalovsk is not an exonym of the Russian city Чкаловск but simply the endonym written in a different script. The omission of diacritical marks usually does not turn an endonym into an exonym: Sao Paulo (for São Paulo); Malaga (for Málaga) or Amman (for 'Ammān) are not considered exonyms. However, in certain languages, diacritics enable names that are otherwise identical to be distinguished; in such cases, the omission of these diacritics could be regarded as generating exonyms. Thus, in Slovakia, Rovné and Rovne are different places, as are Brezany and Brežany. This is the reason for the broad definition of the term "exonym" in the Glossary." - United Nations Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names 2006
A less common form of exonym is usage for names and titles. Personal exonyms are typically limited to regnal names such as popes (John Paul II) or monarchs (Charles V); less commonly very well known non-modern authors (John Calvin, for French Jean Calvin) are referred to by exonyms.
Romanization, or transcription of a non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms; "The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form" (Päll, 2002). However old romanization systems, particularly pre-independence colonial-era romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese. This affects romanization of Arabic, romanization of Chinese, and many other non-Latin alphabet place names.
For convenience a non-exhaustive summary list of English exonyms is included below. Note that the list includes both current and historic exonyms. In many cases, modern English-language sources no longer use the traditional English spelling, or do so only in historical contexts. See the article on each individual place name for information on its usage.
The list includes more detailed and complete breakout lists for:List of English exonyms for Dutch toponymsList of English exonyms for German toponyms - some no longer currentList of English exonyms for Italian toponyms - some no longer currentEnglish exonyms of Arabic speaking placesList of renamed Indian public places - some without current acceptenceThe list does not include the list of English translated personal names.
Shqipëria
Tiranë : Tirana (not a true exonym, as Tirana is also the Albanian endonym for the city name with an indefinite article)الجزاٮُر (Al-Jazā'ir)
Al-Jazā'ir (الجزاٮُر) : AlgiersՀայաստան (Hayastan)
Erevan (Երևան or Երեւան) : YerevanUluru : Ayers Rock (archaic)Parramatta : (used only in a historical context) Rose HillÖsterreich
Allgäuer Alpen : Allgäu AlpsAlpen : (the) AlpsAmmergebirge : Ammergau AlpsBayerische Voralpen : Bavarian PrealpsBerchtesgadener Alpen : Berchtesgaden AlpsBodensee : Lake ConstanceBöhmische Masse or Böhmisches Massiv : Bohemian MassifBrennerpass : Brenner PassChiemgauer Alpen : Chiemgau AlpsDonau : (the) DanubeDrau : river Drava or DraveGroße Ungarische Tiefebene : Great Hungarian PlainKärnten : Carinthia>Neusiedler See : Lake NeusiedlNiederösterreich : Lower AustriaNördliche Kalkalpen : Northern Limestone AlpsOberösterreich : Upper AustriaPannonische Tiefebene, Pannonisches Becken or Karpatenbecken : Pannonian Basin or Carpathian BasinRätische Alpen : Rhaetian AlpsSteiermark : StyriaSüdliche Kalkalpen : Southern Limestone AlpsTannheimer Berge : Tannheim MountainsWien : ViennaTirol : (the) TyrolWettersteingebirge : Wetterstein (mountains)Azərbaycan - using Turkish-based Azerbaijani alphabet since 1991
Bakı : BakuQafqaz : CaucasusBelgië / Belgique
Historically, English borrowed French names for many places in Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium. With few exceptions this practice is no longer followed by most sources. French placenames in Dutch-speaking areas are marked by an asterisk (*).
Antwerpen/Anvers : AntwerpBrugge/Bruges : Bruges*Brussel/Bruxelles : BrusselsGent/Gand : Ghent; historically also GauntIeper/Ypres : Ypres*Kortrijk/Courtrai : historically Courtrai* or CourtrayLeuven/Louvain : historically Louvain*Mechelen/Malines : historically MechlinOostende/Ostende : OstendVilvoorde/Vilvorde : historically FilfordTwo main areas of Belgium:
Vlaanderen/Flandres : FlandersWallonië/Wallonie : WalloniaBosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna i Hercegovina (Босна и Херцеговина)
Bosna (Босна) : BosniaHercegovina (Херцеговина) : HerzegovinaБългария (Balgariya)
Dobrudzha (Добруджа) : Southern Dobruja, Bulgarian section of former Dobruja regionDunav (Дунав) : DanubePlovdiv (Пловдив) : (used only in a historical context) PhilippopolisRodopi (Родопи) : RhodopesSofiya (София) : SofiaStara Planina (Стара Планина) : Balkan MountainsTrakiya (Тракия) : ThraceBama / Myanma
Yangon : RangoonNumerous places in the predominantly French speaking province of Quebec have historically had English exonyms; in most cases, the exonym was a straight translation of the place's French name, with only one major city which ever had an English exonym that was entirely different from its original French name. With a few exceptions, such as Quebec City, these exonyms are no longer widely used; in contemporary usage, English names for nearly all places in Quebec differ from the French names only in minor orthographic details, such as some writers using spaces instead of hyphens in a compound name such as Trois-Rivières, or not using diacritic marks in an accented name such as Montréal. As noted in the introduction, however, differences of this type are not deemed to turn an endonym into an exonym.
Exonyms are also commonly seen in regards to First Nations and Inuit peoples and communities; although government and media sources have evolved in recent years toward using these places' native endonyms, common usage may still favour the older exonyms.
Deline, NT: Fort Franklin (archaic)Deux-Montagnes, QC: Two Mountains (archaic)Eabametoong, ON: Fort HopeHaida Gwaii, BC: Queen Charlotte Islands (now unofficial)Igluligaarjuk, NU: Chesterfield InletIqaluit, NU: Frobisher Bay (archaic)Iqaluktuuttiaq, NU: Cambridge BayKangiqiniq, NU: Rankin InletKitchenuhmaykoosib, ON: Big Trout LakeMontréal-Nord, QC: Montreal NorthMont-Royal, QC: Mount RoyalNeskantaga, ON: Lansdowne HouseNibinamik, ON: Summer BeaverQuébec, QC: Quebec CityRivière-du-Loup, QC: Fraserville (archaic)Saint-André-d'Argenteuil, QC: Saint Andrews (archaic)Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC: Saint John (archaic)Tikirarjuaq, NU: Whale CoveTrois-Rivières, QC: Three Rivers (archaic)Tsiigehtchic, NT: Arctic Red River (archaic)Tulita, NT: Fort Norman (archaic)Ulukhaktok, NT: Holman (archaic)Uqsuqtuuq, NU: Gjoa HavenCabo Verde
Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka / République centrafricaine
تشاد (Tšād) / Tchad
نجامينا (Nijāmīnā) / Ndjamena : N'DjamenaRapa Nui / Isla de Pascua : Easter IslandSome of the apparent "exonyms" for China are the result of change in romanization of Chinese to modern pinyin, for example the change from "Tientsin" to "Tianjin". Other apparent exonyms are the result of the English name being based on one of the other varieties of Chinese besides Mandarin. Certain names which may now be considered exonyms actually preserve older Mandarin pronunciations which have changed in the intervening centuries.
Beijing : (used only in a historical context) Peking; the "k" preserves the Mandarin pronunciation prior to sound changes which began in the mid-17th centuryGuangzhou : Canton, from the Portuguese pronunciation of the name of the province Guangdong in which the city Guangzhou is locatedNanjing : (used only in a historical context) NankingXiamen : (used only in a historical context) Amoy, from the local Min Nan pronunciationChongqing : (used only in a historical context) ChungkingShantou : (used only in a historical context) SwatowFuzhou : (used only in a historical context) FoochowShenyang : (used only in a historical context) Mukden or Mookden, used by geographers until 1945, from the Manchu language nameZhangjiakou : (used only in a historical context) Kalgan, from the Russian rendition of the Mongolian language name QalƔanLüshun : (used only in a historical context) Port ArthurChang Jiang : Yangtze RiverCantonese Hoeng gong : Hong KongCantonese Ou mun : Macau (matches Portuguese), historically also MacaoNortheast China / Dongbei : ManchuriaTaiwan : (used only in a historical context) Formosa (matches historically Portuguese)Penghu islands : PescadoresKinmen / Jinmen : QuemoyHrvatska
Dalmacija : DalmatiaDubrovnik : Ragusa (historic)Dunav : DanubeIstra : IstriaSlavonija : SlavoniaZadar : Zara (historic)Habana : HavanaΚύπρος (Kýpros) / Kıbrıs
Ammochostos/Gazimağusa : FamagustaKeryneia/Girne : KyreniaLemesos/Limasol : LimassolLefkosía/Lefkoşa : NicosiaČeská republika (Česko)
Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With few exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder) this practice is no longer followed by most sources. German placenames are marked by an asterisk (*).
Beskydy : BeskidsČechy : Bohemia (refers to only the western half of the modern Czech Republic)České Budějovice : Budweis*České Švýcarsko : Bohemian SwitzerlandČesko : Czechia (recent coinage in English for Bohemia plus Moravia and Czech Silesia)Český kras : Bohemian KarstČeský les : Upper Palatine ForestČeský ráj : Bohemian ParadiseFrantiškovy Lázně : Franzensbad*Haná : HanakiaKarlovy Vary : Carlsbad*Krkonoše : Giant MountainsKrušné hory : Ore MountainsLabe : Elbe*Lašsko : LachiaMariánské Lázně : Marienbad*Morava : MoraviaOdra : Oder*Plzeň : Pilsen*Praha : PragueSlezsko : Silesia (also used for the Polish part of Silesia)Slovácko : Moravian SlovakiaSmrčiny : Fichtel Mountains*Sudety : Sudeten* or SudetesSudety : Sudetenland*Šumava : Bohemian ForestValašsko : Moravian WallachiaDanmark
Fyn : FunenHelsingør : ElsinoreJylland : JutlandKøbenhavn : CopenhagenSjælland : ZealandSkagen : The ScawSlesvig : Sleswick, Schleswig (matches German)مصر (Mişr)
Būr Sā'id (بور سعݐد) : Port SaidAl-Ğīzah (الجݐزة) : GizaAl-Iskandariyya (الإسکندرݐة) : AlexandriaAn-Nīl (النݐل) : NileAl-Qāhira (القاهرة) : CairoAs-Suways (السوݐس) : SuezAl-Uqşur (الاقصر) : LuxorEesti
Peipsi järv : Lake PeipusFaroe Islands
Føroyar / Færøerne
Finland
Suomi
Occasionally Swedish-based Latin names are used for historical provinces. Many provinces have different Finnish and Swedish names (Finnish / Swedish):
Häme / Tavastland: TavastiaKarjala / Karelien: KareliaLappi / Lappland : Lapland (Finland), also Laponia or LapponiaPohjanmaa / Österbotten: OstrobothniaSavo / Savolax: SavoniaVarsinais-Suomi / Egentliga Finland: Finland ProperSatakunta and Uusimaa (Finnish) and Åland (Swedish) are known with their own names in English.
Alpes : AlpsBretagne/Breizh : BrittanyBourgogne : BurgundyCalais : though the spelling has been retained, older literature often pronounced it as /kælɨs/ (rhymes with "Alice")Corse : Corsica, English uses local Corsican and Italian nameCôte d'Azur : The French RivieraDunkerque : DunkirkFlandre : FlandersGascogne : GasconyGolfe de Gascogne : Bay of BiscayLyon : (used only in a historical context) LyonsLa Manche : The English ChannelMarseille : (used only in a historical context) MarseillesNormandie : NormandyOuessant : island of Ushant, also OuessantPicardie : PicardyPyrénées : PyreneesReims : RheimsRhin : RhineSavoie : Savoyსაქართველო (Sakartvelo)
Kavkasioni (კავკასიონი) : CaucasusTbilisi (თბილისი) : (used only in a historical context) TiflisDeutschland
This list does not include German place names with ß such as Gießen, commonly written Giessen in English sources.
Aachen : (used only in a historical context) Aix-la-ChapelleAlpen : (the) AlpsBayerischer Wald : (the) Bavarian ForestBayern : BavariaBeetzsee-Riewendsee-Wasserstraße : Beetzsee-Riewendsee waterwayBerchtesgadener Alpen : Berchtesgaden AlpsBodensee : Lake ConstanceBraunschweig : (used only in a historical context) BrunswickCalenberger Bergland : Calenberg UplandsChiemgauer Alpen : Chiemgau AlpsChiemsee : Lake ChiemDeutsche Bucht : (the) German Bight, (the) German BayDonau : (the) DanubeEggegebirge: Egge HillsErzgebirge : Ore MountainsFichtelgebirge : Fichtel MountainsFlensburger Förde : Flensburg FirthFranken : FranconiaFrankenalb or Frankenjura : Franconian JuraFrankenwald : Franconian ForestFrankfurt am Main : (used only in a historical context) FrankfortFränkische Schweiz : Franconian SwitzerlandFriesische Inseln : (the) Frisian IslandsGreifswalder Bodden : Greifswald Bodden or Bay of GreifswaldHameln : HamelinHannover : HanoverHarz : (the) Harz MountainsHaßberge : Haßberge HillsHelgoland : HeligolandHelgoländer Bucht : Heligoland Bight or Helgoland BightHessen : Hesse or HessiaHocheifel: High EifelHochrhein : High RhineHolsteinische Schweiz : (the) Holstein SwitzerlandHohwachter Bucht : Hohwacht BayJadebusen : (the) Jade BayKaufunger Wald : Kaufungen ForestKoblenz : Coblenz, (used only in a historical context) CoblenceKieler Bucht: Bay of KielKleve : (used only in a historical context) ClevesKnüllgebirge : Knüll or KnüllgebirgeKöln : CologneKonstanz : ConstanceLausitz/Łužica/Łužyca : LusatiaLeinebergland : Leine UplandsLeipziger Tieflandsbucht : Leipzig Bay or Leipzig BasinLübecker Bucht : Bay of LübeckLüneburg : LunenburgLüneburger Heide : (the) Lüneburg HeathMecklenburger Bucht: (the) Bay of MecklenburgMeldorfer Bucht : Bay of MeldorfMitteldeutschland : Middle GermanyMittellandkanal : (the) Mittelland CanalMittelrhein : (the) Middle RhineMosel : MosellaMünchen : MunichNiederbayern : Lower BavariaNiederbayerisches Hügelland : Lower Bavarian UplandNiederlausitz : Lower LusatiaNiedersachsen : Lower SaxonyNiederschlesien : Lower SilesiaNordbaden : North BadenNorddeutschland : North(ern) GermanyNorddeutsche Tiefebene or Norddeutsche Tiefland : North German Plain or Northern LowlandNordeifel : North EifelNordfriesische Inseln : (the) North Frisian IslandsNordfriesland : North Frisia or Northern FrieslandNordostseekanal : (the) Kiel CanalNordpfälzer Bergland : North Palatine UplandsNordrhein-Westfalen : North Rhine-WestphaliaNürnberg : NurembergOberbayern : Upper BavariaOberhessen : Upper HesseOberpfalz : Upper PalatinateOberrheinische Tiefebene : (the) Upper Rhine PlainOberschlesien : Upper SilesiaOldenburger Münsterland : Oldenburg MünsterlandOst-Berlin : East BerlinOstdeutschland : East GermanyOstfriesische Inseln : (the) East FrisiansOstfriesland : East Friesland or East FrisiaOstpommern : Eastern PomeraniaOstpreußen : East PrussiaOstsee : (the) Baltic SeaPareyer-Verbindungskanal : Parey Junction CanalPartnachklamm : Partnach GorgePfalz : (the) Palatinate, also Lower (Rhine) PalatinatePfälzerwald: (the) Palatinate Forest or Palatine ForestPommern : PomeraniaPommersche Bucht : (the) Bay of PomeraniaPreußen : PrussiaRegensburg : (used only in a historical context) RatisbonRhein : RhineRheingau : (the) RhinegauRheinhessen : Rhinehessen or Rhenish HesseRheinisches Schiefergebirge : (the) Rhenish Slate MountainsRheinland : (the) RhinelandRheinland-Pfalz : Rhineland-PalatinateRhein-Main-Donau-Kanal : Rhine-Main-Danube CanalRuhrgebiet : (the) Ruhr (District)Sachsen-Anhalt : Saxony-AnhaltSachsen-Coburg und Gotha : Saxe-Coburg-GothaSächsische Schweiz : Saxon SwitzerlandSachsen : SaxonySächsische Schweiz : Saxon SwitzerlandSchwaben : SwabiaSchwarzwald : Black ForestStarnberger See : Lake StarnbergStettiner Haff : Bay of SzczecinSüdwürttemberg-Hohenzollern : South Württemberg-HohenzollernTeutoburger Wald : (the) Teutoburg ForestThüringen : ThuringiaThüringer Becken : (the) Thuringian BasinThüringerwald : Thuringian ForestTrier : (used only in a historical context) TrevesUnterfranken : Lower FranconiaVorpommern : Western Pomerania or Hither PomeraniaWeserbergland : (the) Weser Uplands, (the) Weser MountainsWest-Berlin : West BerlinWestdeutschland : West GermanyWestfälische Pforte : (the) Porta Westfalica or Westphalian GateWestfalen : WestphaliaWestpreußen : West PrussiaWismarbucht or Wismarer Bucht : Bay of WismarΕλλάδα (Elláda) or Ἑλλάς (Ellás)
Athina (Αθήνα) : AthensAttiki (Αττική) : AtticaDhodhekanisa (Δωδεκάνησα) : DodecaneseEvvia (Εύβοια) : EuboeaIkaria (Ικαρία) : IcariaIonia Nisia (Ιόνια Νησιά) : Ionian IslandsIpeiros (Ήπειρος) : EpirusIrakleio (Ηράκλειο) : Heraklion or IraklionKríti (Κρήτη) : CreteKerkyra (Κέρκυρα) : CorfuKorinthos (Κόρινθος) : CorinthKykladhes (Κυκλάδες) : CycladesMakedonía (Μακεδονία) : MacedoniaMesologgi (Μεσολόγγι) : MissolonghiNafpaktos (Νάυπακτος) : Naupactus or, historically, LepantoPatrai (Πάτρα) : PatrasPeiraeas (Πειραιάς) : PiraeusPeloponnisos (Πελοπόννησος) : PeloponnesePylos (Πύλος) : (used only in a historical context) NavarinoRodhopi (Ροδόπη) : RhodopesRodos (Ρόδος) : RhodesSamothraki (Σαμοθράκη) : SamothraceThessalia (Θεσσαλία) : ThessalyThessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη) : Thessalonica or, historically, SalonicaThiva (Θήβα) : ThebesThraki (Θράκη) : ThraceViotía (Βοιωτία) : BoeotiaZakynthos (Ζάκυνθος) : Zakynthos or ZanteGreenland
Kalaallit Nunaat
Nuuk : historically GodthabPaamiut : historically FrederikshabQaanaaq : historically ThuleCivitas Vaticana : Vatican CityMagyarország
Duna : DanubeKárpátok : CarpathiansIceland
Ísland
Vestmannaeyjar : Westman IslandsPlace (and personal) names containing the letters þ (thorn) and ð (eth) are often spelt with th and dh (and sometimes incorrectly with p and d) in English; whether this creates true exonyms is debatableBhārat
Bengaluru in Kannada language : still Bangalore in EnglishChennai in Tamil language and now English :Traditionally MadrasJaipur : (used only in a historical context) JayporeKanpur : (used only in a historical context) CawnporeKolkata in Bengali language : Traditionally CalcuttaLakshadweep : (used only in a historical context) the Laccadive IslandsMumbai in Marathi language and now English : Traditionally BombayPune : (used only in a historical context) PoonaShimla : (used only in a historical context) SimlaVaranasi : (used only in a historical context) Benaresاݐران (Iran)
Bushehr (بوشهر) : Bushire (old-fashioned)Eşfahān (اصفهان) : IsfahanMashhad (مشهد) : MeshedTehran (تهران) : Teheran (regarded by some as historic; 'Tehran' is also often used)العراق (Al-Irāq)
Dijla (دجله) : TigrisAl-Furāt (الفرات) : EuphratesAl-Mawşil (الموصل) : MosulIreland
Éire
The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicisations, or phonetic renderings, of Irish language names. However, some names come directly from the English language. When the Irish Free State gained independence from the United Kingdom, some placenames were reverted to their Irish or anglicised forms. This includes:
Bagenalstown, which became Muine BheagCharleville, which became Ráth LuircKingstown, which became Dún LaoghaireKing's County, which became County OffalyPhilipstown, which became DaingeanQueenstown, which became CobhQueen's County, which became County LaoisMaryborough, which became Port Laoiseיִשְֹרָאֵל (Yisrael)
The below listing is only a summary. Modern Israeli transcription systems (romanization of Hebrew) vary from the familiar spellings of many hundreds of place names of Ancient Israel adopted by Bible translations - both Christian, such as the King James Version (1611) and also Jewish versions such as the JPS (1917). For example, modern 'v' on road signs in Israel corresponds to 'w' or 'b' in traditional English naming.
Akko (עַכּוֹ) : Acre (from Greek, pronunciation later anglicized to match the word "acre")Be'er Sheva (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע): BeershebaHa-Galil (הַגָּלִיל) : Galilee (from Latin)Kfar Nahum (כְּפַר נֵחוּם) : Capernaum (from Latin)Natzrat (נָצְרַת) : Nazareth (from Greek)Tzfat (צְפַת) : Safed (from Arabic)Tverya (טְבֶריָה) : Tiberias (from Latin)Yafo (יָפוֹ) : Jaffa (from Arabic)Yerushalayim (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם) : Jerusalem (from Latin)Italia
Valle d'Aosta : Aosta ValleyAlpi : AlpsAppennini : Apennine MountainsPuglia : ApuliaCampidoglio : Capitoline HillDolomiti : DolomitesErcolano (present day): Herculaneum (ancient city)Firenze : Florence, English uses the French nameGenova : GenoaGianicolo : Janiculum, English uses the Latin nameLazio : Latium, especially when dealing with classical history.Livorno : Leghorn (old-fashioned)Lombardia : LombardyMantova : MantuaMarche : The Marches (old-fashioned)Milano : MilanMonferrato : Montferrat, English uses the French nameNapoli : NaplesPadova : PaduaPiemonte : Piedmont, Piemont in local PiemontèisPompei : PompeiiRoma : RomeRubicone : RubiconSardegna : SardiniaSicilia : SicilySiena : Sienna (old-fashioned)Siracusa : SyracuseTevere : TiberTorino : TurinToscana : TuscanyTrento : Trent (old-fashioned)Tirolo : Tyrol.Venezia : VeniceVesuvio : Vesuvius日本 (Nihon / Nippon)
南西諸島 (Nansei-shotō) or 琉球諸島 (Ryūkyū-shotō) : Ryukyu Islands小笠原群島 (Ogasawara Guntō) : Bonin Islands火山列島 (Kazan Rettō) : Volcano Islandsالاردن (Al-'Urdunn)
North and South Korea have different names for their own country, and each other. Romanization of Korean has also produced many name variations which are common in English, but simply variations in romanization systems. For example, Cheju Island is an older romanization of Jeju Province. In some cases the older romanizations have been retained in English sources. Some even older names, not now retained in English, are the result of Japanese pronunciation of Korean names during the colonial period.
조선 (Chosŏn) : Korea
금강산 Kŭmgangsan : Mount Kumgang, Diamond mountain압록강 Amnok gang : Yalu River, Chinese endonym used in English, as it forms the western portion of the border두만강 Tuman gang : Tumen River, Chinese endonym used in English, as it forms the eastern portion of the border한국 (Hanguk) : Korea
대한민국 Daehanminguk : Republic of KoreaKosova
Latvija
Kurzeme : CourlandLatgale : (used only in a historical context) LettgalliaRīga : Riga, per Russian, with removal of Latvian alphabet long ī.Zemgale : Semigallia (old-fashioned)لبنان (Lubnān)
Ṣaydā (صيدا) : SidonṢūr (صور) : TyreṬarābulus (طرابلس) : Tripoli, Lebanonليبيا (Libiyā)
Barqah (برقة) : CyrenaicaFizzān (فزان) : FezzanMiṣrātah (مصراتة) : MisrataSirt (سرت) : SirteṬarābulus (طرابلس) : Tripoli, also TripolitaniaLietuva
Mažoji Lietuva : Lithuania MinorNemunas : Neman or historically NiemenSuvalkija : Sudovia (old-fashioned)Žemaitija : SamogitiaМакедонија (Makedonija)
Melaka : MalaccaPulau Pinang : Penang IslandCiudad de México : Mexico CityPuerto Peñasco: Rocky PointChişinău : (used only in a historical context) Kishinev (from Russian Кишинёв/Kishinyov)Монгол улс (Mongol uls)
Црна Гора (Crna Gora)
المغرب (Al-Maghrib)
Ad-Dār Al-Beiḍāʼ (الدار البيضاء) : CasablancaFās (فاس) : FezṬanjah (طنجة) : TangierNetherlands
Nederland
Brielle (also: Den Briel): Brill (old-fashioned)Den Haag (also: 's-Gravenhage) : The HagueDordrecht : historically DortGelderland : (used only in a historical context) GueldersHoek van Holland : Hook of HollandLeiden : Leyden (old-fashioned)Maas : MeuseRijn : RhineRijswijk : RyswickVlissingen : old name Flushing (old-fashioned)New Zealand
Aotearoa / New Zealand
Whanganui : WanganuiNorge, Noreg
Nordkapp (Norwegian); Davvenjárga (Northern Sami) : North CapeBjørnøya : Bear IslandAriha (أريحا) : JerichoBayt Lehm (بيت لحم) : Bethlehemal-Ḫalīl (الخليل) : Hebronal-Quds (القُدس) : JerusalemYahudia (يهودا) : JudeaPoland
Polska
Beskidy : BeskidsGdańsk : Danzig (archaic, from German)Galicja : Galicia (Eastern Europe)Karkonosze : Giant MountainsKarpaty : CarpathiansKaszuby/Kaszëbë : KashubiaKraków : Cracow (archaic)Kujawy : KuyaviaMałopolska : Lesser PolandMazowsze : MazoviaMazury : MasuriaNizina Śląska : Silesian LowlandsOdra : Oder, English uses the German nameOświęcim : Auschwitz, English uses the German namePrzedgórze Sudeckie : Sudeten ForelandPomorze : PomeraniaSudety : Sudeten or SudetesŚląsk : SilesiaDolny Śląsk : Lower SilesiaGórny Śląsk : Upper SilesiaWarmia : WarmiaWarszawa : WarsawWielkopolska : Greater PolandWisła : VistulaAçores : Azores (from Spanish)Bragança : Braganza (from Spanish)Lisboa : LisbonPorto : Oporto (old fashioned)Tejo : Tagus (from Latin)România
București : BucharestCarpați : Carpathians (from Latin)Carpați Meridionali : Southern CarpathiansDobrogea : Northern Dobruja, Romanian section of former Dobruja regionDunărea : DanubeIași : (used primarily in historical contexts) JassyTransilvania : TransylvaniaȚara Românească / Valahia : WallachiaРоссия (Rossiya)
Arkhangel'sk (Архангельск) : (used only in a historical context) ArchangelKavkaz (Кавказ) : CaucasusKomsomol'sk-na-Amure (Комсомольск-на-Амуре) : Komsomolsk-on-AmurMoskva (Москва) : MoscowOryol (Орёл) : (used only in a historical context) OrelPskov (Псков) : PlescowRostov-na-Donu (Ростов-на-Дону) : Rostov-on-DonSankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) : Saint Petersburgالسعودية (As-Saʿūdīyah)
Jiddah (جدة) : JeddahAl-Madīnah (المدينة) : MedinaMakkah (مکة) : MeccaAr-Riyāḍ (الرياض) : RiyadhСрбија (Srbija)
Beograd (Београд) : Belgrade (from French)Dunav (Дунав) : DanubeStara Planina (Стара Планина) : Balkan MountainsSlovensko
Beskydy : BeskidsBiele Karpaty : White CarpathiansDunaj : DanubeGerlachovský štít : Gerlach PeakJavorníky : Maple MountainsKarpaty : CarpathiansKysucké Beskydy : Kysuce BeskidsMalá Fatra : Little/Lesser FatraMalé Karpaty : Little/Lesser CarpathiansNízke Beskydy : Low/Lower BeskidsNízke Tatry : Low TatrasOravské Beskydy : Orava BeskidsPodunajská nížina : Danubian LowlandPodunajská pahorkatina : Danubian HillsPodunajská rovina : Danubian FlatSlovenské rudohorie : Slovak Ore MountainsSlovenské stredohorie : Slovak Central MountainsStredné Beskydy : Central BeskidsVeľká Fatra : Great/Greater FatraVýchodné Beskydy : Eastern BeskidsVýchodoslovenská nížina : Eastern Slovak LowlandVysoké Tatry : High TatrasSlovenija
Alpe: AlpsDolenjska: Lower CarniolaGorenjska: Upper CarniolaKaravanke: KarawanksKoroška: CarinthiaKras: KarstNotranjska: Inner CarniolaPrimorska: Slovenian LittoralŠtajerska: StyriaSuid-Afrika
Many South African towns have multiple names due to the diversity of languages.
Alexanderbaai : Alexander BayAliwal-Noord : Aliwal NorthGrahamstad : GrahamstownKaapstad : Cape TownMooirivier : Mooi River (Vaal), Mooi River (KwaZulu-Natal) and Mooi River (town)Plettenbergbaai : Plettenberg BaySimonstad : Simon's TownVishoek : Fish HoekEspaña
English uses Spanish exonyms for some well known places in non-Spanish (Catalan, Valencian, Basque, Galician) speaking regions.
Andalucía : AndalusiaAragón : Aragon in historical context, also Aragón referring to modern SpainPaís Vasco : Basque CountryCastilla : CastileCatalunya / Cataluña : CataloniaCórdoba : Cordova (obsolescent)Galician: A Coruña / Spanish: La Coruña : Corunna (obsolescent) : The Groyne (obsolete)Duero : river Douro, English uses the Portuguese nameGran Canaria : Grand Canary (obsolete)Islas Baleares : Balearic IslandsIslas Canarias : Canary IslandsMallorca : Majorca, compare French Majorque, Italian MaiorcaMenorca : Minorca English uses the Italian spelling, also MenorcaNavarra / Nafarroa : Navarre, English uses the French namePamplona : Pampeluna, compare French "Pampelune"Pireneos / Pirineus / Pirinioak : PyreneesSevilla : SevilleTajo : TagusTenerife : Teneriffe (obsolescent)Vizcaya / Bizkaia : BiscayZaragoza : Saragossa (obsolescent)ශ්රී ලංකා (Shri Lanka) / இலங்கை (Ilaṅkai)Galla (ගාල්ල) / Kali (காலி) : GalleHalawata (හලාවත) / Cilāpam (சிலாபம்) : ChilawKolamba (කොළඹ) / Kolumpu (கொழும்பு) : ColomboMadakalapuwa (මඩකලපුව) / Maṭṭakkaḷappu (மட்டக்களப்பு) : BatticaloaMahanuwara (මහනුවර) / Kanti (கண்டி): KandyMeegamuwa (මීගමුව) / Nirkolompu (நீர்கொழும்பு) : NegomboModara (මෝදර) / Mukattuvāram (முகத்துவாரம்) : MutwalThrikunamalaya (ත්රිකුණාමළය) / Tirukōṇamalai (திருகோணமலை) - TrincomaleeYapanaya (යාපනය) / Yalpanam (யாழ்ப்பாணம்) : Jaffnaالسودان (As-Sūdān)
Al-Ḫarṭūm (الخَرطوم) : KhartoumAn-Nīl (النيل) : NileUmm Durmān (أُم درمان) : OmdurmanSverige
Dalarna : DalecarliaGöteborg : GothenburgNorrbotten : North BothniaSkåne : ScaniaVästerbotten : West BothniaSwitzerland
Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera
Historically, English-language sources borrowed French names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This practice is no longer universally followed, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places. Most guidebooks also now use "Basel" instead of the traditional "Basle." French placenames in German-speaking areas are marked by an asterisk (*).
Alpen/Alpes/Alpi : AlpsBasel : Basle/BaselBern : Berne*/BernGenève/Genf : GenevaLuzern : Lucerne*Rhein : RhineRheinfall : (the) Rhine Falls or (the) Schaffhausen FallsWallis: Valais*Zürich : Zurich*سورية (Sūrīyah)
Dimašq (دمشق) : DamascusAl-Furāt (الفرات) : EuphratesḤalab (حلب) : AleppoAl-Lāḏiqīyah (اللاذقية) : LatakiaThailand
ประเทศไทย (Prathet Thai)
Krung Thep Maha Nakon (กรุงเทพมหานคร) : BangkokSongkhla (สงขลา) : (used only in a historical context) Singoraتونس (Tūnis)
Qābis (قابس) : GabèsŞafāqus (صفاقس) : SfaxSūsah (سوسة) : SousseTürkiye (endonym)
İstanbul : Istanbul, normally spelled without dotted "İ" in English, even in Turkish-font-enabled English sources which use otherwise use capital İ for towns like İzmir and İznik such as the Lonely Planet guides. Jordan, Adamič, and Woodman (Vienna 2007) consider "Istanbul," alone among Turkish city names, to be an English exonym of İstanbul.Alaşehir : historically PhiladelphiaAnamur: historically AnemuriumAntakya : historically AntiochAntalya: historically AdaliaAydın : historically TrallesBergama : historically PergamonBodrum : historically HalicarnassusBursa : historically PrusaEdirne : historically AdrianopleIstanbul : historically Constantinople and ByzantiumKaradeniz Ereğli : historically Heraclea PonticaKayseri : historically CaesareaGelibolu : historically GallipoliGiresun : historically Kerasousİskenderun : historically Alexandrettaİzmir : historically SmyrnaIzmit : historically NicomediaIznik : historically NicaeaKaraman : historically LarandaKonya : historically IconiumManisa : Magnesia ad SipylumMut : historically ClaudiopolisSilifke : historically SeleuciaŞanlıurfa (also Urfa) : historically EdessaTrabzon : historically TrebizondÜsküdar : historically ScutariBozcaada : historically TenedosGökçeada : historically ImbrosBoğaziçi : BosphorusÇanakkale Boğazı : DardanellesDicle townDicle nehri : still River TigrisFırat nehri : still River EuphratesKapadokya : CappadociaKilikya : CiliciaTrakya : ThraceУкраїна (Ukrayina)
Many Ukrainian place names in English historically match the Russian spelling/pronunciation. For example:
Chornobyl (Чорнобиль) : ChernobylHorlivka (Горлівка) : GorlovkaKharkiv (Харків) : KharkovKryvyi Rih (Кривиі Ріг) : Krivoy RogKyiv (Київ) : KievUkrainian regions corresponding to historical subdivision:
Krym (Крум) : CrimeaHalychyna (Галичина) : GaliciaKarpats'ka Ukrayina (Карпатська Україна) : historically Carpathian Ukraine or Carpatho-UkrainePidkarpats'ka Rus' (Підкарпатська Русь) : historically Subcarpathian RutheniaZakarpats'ka Ukrayina (Закарпатська Україна) : historically Transcarpathian UkraineZakarpattya (Закарпаття) : TranscarpathiaScotland
Alba
NOTE: These places are all in the Hebrides, where Scottish Gaelic is predominant.
Cymru
See also: Welsh exonyms and Welsh placenamesNOTE: English is the most frequently spoken language in some of the locations listed below. In others Welsh is predominant.NOTE: In the United States some places have names in English and various native languages.Ohio: Allegheny Riverjoe'hesta: Red HouseViệt Nam Several towns have English or French names joining the two syllables:
Hà Nội : Hanoi, French HanoïThành phố Hồ Chí Minh : Ho Chi Minh CitySài Gòn : Saigon (still used for district), French SaïgonChợ Lớn : Cholon, Ho Chi Minh CityHải Phòng : Haiphong, French HaïphongĐà Lạt : DalatĐà Nẵng : Danang, French Tourane (obsolete from Chinese)Hội An : former name Faifo (obsolete from Japanese pronunciation of port at Hôi-an phô)Dãy Trường Sơn : Annamite RangeNgũ Hành Sơn : Marble Mountains (Vietnamese name more accurately is "Five elements mountains")Mê Kông : Mekong RiverVịnh Bắc Bộ : Gulf of Tonkin