Distributed constraint optimization - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia

Distributed constraint optimization (DCOP or DisCOP) is the distributed analogue to constraint optimization. A DCOP is a problem in which a group of agents must distributedly choose values for a set of variables such that the cost of a set of constraints over the variables is either minimized or maximized.

Distributed Constraint Satisfaction is a framework for describing a problem in terms of constraints that are known and enforced by distinct participants (agents). The constraints are described on some variables with predefined domains, and have to be assigned to the same values by the different agents.

Problems defined with this framework can be solved by any of the algorithms that are proposed for it.

The framework was used under different names in the 1980s. The first known usage with the current name is in 1990.

DCOP

A DCOP can be defined as a tuple ⟨ A , V , D , f , α , η ⟩ , where:

A is a set of agents;

V is a set of variables, { v 1 , v 2 , ⋯ , v | V | } ;

D is a set of domains, { D 1 , D 2 , … , D | V | } , where each D ∈ D is a finite set containing the values to which its associated variable may be assigned;

f is a function f : ⋃ S ∈ P ( V ) ∑ v i ∈ S ( { v i } × D i ) → N ∪ { ∞ } that maps every possible variable assignment to a cost. This function can also be thought of as defining constraints between variables however the variables must not be Hermitian;

α is a function α : V → A mapping variables to their associated agent. α ( v i ) ↦ a j implies that it is agent a j 's responsibility to assign the value of variable v i . Note that it is not necessarily true that α is either an injection or surjection; and

η is an operator that aggregates all of the individual f costs for all possible variable assignments. This is usually accomplished through summation: η ( f ) ↦ ∑ s ∈ ⋃ S ∈ P ( V ) ∑ v i ∈ S ( { v i } × D i ) f ( s ) .

The objective of a DCOP is to have each agent assign values to its associated variables in order to either minimize or maximize η ( f ) for a given assignment of the variables.

Context

A Context is a variable assignment for a DCOP. This can be thought of as a function mapping variables in the DCOP to their current values:

t : V → ( D ∈ D ) ∪ { ∅ } .

Note that a context is essentially a partial solution and need not contain values for every variable in the problem; therefore, t ( v i ) ↦ ∅ implies that the agent α ( v i ) has not yet assigned a value to variable v i . Given this representation, the "domain" (i.e., the set of input values) of the function f can be thought of as the set of all possible contexts for the DCOP. Therefore, in the remainder of this article we may use the notion of a context (i.e., the t function) as an input to the f function.

Distributed graph coloring

The graph coloring problem is as follows: given a graph G = ⟨ N , E ⟩ and a set of colors C , assign each vertex, n ∈ N , a color, c ∈ C , such that the number of adjacent vertices with the same color is minimized.

As a DCOP, there is one agent per vertex that is assigned to decide the associated color. Each agent has a single variable whose associated domain is of cardinality | C | (there is one domain value for each possible color). For each vertex n i ∈ N , create a variable in the DCOP v i ∈ V with domain D i = C . For each pair of adjacent vertices ⟨ n i , n j ⟩ ∈ E , create a constraint of cost 1 if both of the associated variables are assigned the same color:

( ∀ c ∈ C : f ( ⟨ v i , c ⟩ , ⟨ v j , c ⟩ ) ↦ 1 ) .

The objective, then, is to minimize η ( f ) .

Distributed multiple knapsack problem

The distributed multiple- variant of the knapsack problem is as follows: given a set of items of varying volume and a set of knapsacks of varying capacity, assign each item to a knapsack such that the amount of overflow is minimized. Let I be the set of items, K be the set of knapsacks, s : I → N be a function mapping items to their volume, and c : K → N be a function mapping knapsacks to their capacities.

To encode this problem as a DCOP, for each i ∈ I create one variable v i ∈ V with associated domain D i = K . Then for all possible context t :

f ( t ) ↦ ∑ k ∈ K { 0 r ( t , k ) ≤ c ( k ) , r ( t , k ) − c ( k ) otherwise ,

where r ( t , k ) is a function such that

r ( t , k ) = ∑ v i ∈ t − 1 ( k ) s ( i ) .

Algorithms

DCOP algorithms can be classified according to the search strategy (best-first search or depth-first branch-and-bound search), the synchronization among agents (synchronous or asynchronous), the communication among agents (point-to-point with neighbors in the constraint graph or broadcast) and the main communication topology (chain or tree). ADOPT, for example, uses best-first search, asynchronous synchronization, point-to-point communication between neighboring agents in the constraint graph and a constraint tree as main communication topology.

Hybrids of these DCOP algorithms also exist. BnB-Adopt, for example, changes the search strategy of Adopt from best-first search to depth-first branch-and-bound search.

Books and surveys

Faltings, Boi (2006), "Distributed Constraint Programming", in Walsh, Toby, Handbook of Constraint Programming, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-444-52726-4 A chapter in an edited book.

Meisels, Amnon (2008), Distributed Search by Constrained Agents, Springer, ISBN 978-1-84800-040-7

Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009), Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-89943-7 See Chapters 1 and 2; downloadable free online.

Yokoo, Makoto (2001), Distributed constraint satisfaction: Foundations of cooperation in multi-agent systems, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-67596-9

Yokoo, M., and Hirayama, K. (2000). Algorithms for distributed constraint satisfaction: A review. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (pp. 185–207). A survey.

References

Distributed constraint optimization Wikipedia

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