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Chemical test

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In chemistry, a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to prove the existence of, or to quantify, a chemical compound or chemical group with the aid of a specific reagent.

Contents

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Purposes

Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as:


  • Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met
  • Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept
  • Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent
  • Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances
  • Determine the composition of a sample
  • Provide standard data for other scientific, medical, and Quality assurance functions
  • Validate suitability for end-use
  • Provide a basis for Technical communication
  • Provide a technical means of comparison of several options
  • Provide evidence in legal proceedings

    • Biochemical tests

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  • Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine
  • The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of blood
  • Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.
  • The Phadebas test tests for the presence of saliva for forensic purposes
  • Iodine solution tests for starch
  • The Van Slyke determination tests for specific amino acids
  • The Zimmermann test for Ketosteroids
  • Seliwanoff's test for differentiating between aldose and ketose sugars
  • Test for lipids: add ethanol to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white.
  • Sakaguchi test for the presence of arginine in protein
  • Hopkins Cole reaction for the presence of tryptophan in proteins
  • Nitroprusside reaction for the presence of free thiol groups of cysteine in proteins
  • Sullivan reaction for the presence of cysteine and cystine in proteins
  • Acree-Rosenheim reaction for the presence of tryptophan in proteins
  • Pauly reaction for presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins
  • Heller's test for presence of albumin in urine
  • Gmelin's test for the presence of bile pigments in urine
  • Hay's test for the presence of bile pigments in urine

    • Reducing sugars


  • Barfoed's test tests for reducing polysaccharides or disaccharides
  • Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes
  • Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent
  • Molisch's test for carbohydrates
  • Nylander's test for reducing sugars
  • Rapid furfural test to distinguish between glucose and fructose

    • Proteins and polypeptides

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  • The Bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins
  • Biuret reagent tests for proteins and polypeptides
  • Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitative
  • The Phadebas Amylase Test determines alpha-amylase activity

    • Organic tests

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  • The Carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines
  • The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds
  • The Iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones
  • The Schiff test detects aldehydes
  • Tollens' reagent (Silver Mirror) tests for aldehydes
  • The Zeisel determination tests for the presence of esters or ethers
  • Lucas' reagent is used to determine mainly between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
  • The Bromine test is used to test for the presence of unsaturation and phenols.

    • Inorganic tests

  • Barium chloride tests for sulfates
  • The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively
  • Borax bead test tests for certain metals
  • The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively.
  • Chemical test for cyanide tests for the presence of cyanide, CN−
  • Copper sulfate tests for presence of water
  • Flame tests test for metals
  • The Gilman test tests for the presence of a Grignard reagent
  • The Kjeldahl method quantitatively determines the presence of nitrogen
  • Nessler's reagent tests for the presence of ammonia
  • Ninhydrin tests for ammonia or primary amines
  • Phosphate test for phosphate
  • The sodium fusion test tests for the presence of nitrogen, sulfur, and halides in a sample
  • The Zerewitinoff determination tests for any acidic hydrogen
  • The Oddy test for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides
  • Gunzberg's test tests for the presence of hydrochloric acid
  • Kelling's test tests for the presence of lactic acid

    • References

    Chemical test Wikipedia
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