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Arginine

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3DMet
  
B01331

Related compounds
  
Molar mass
  
174.2 g/mol

Appearance
  
White crystals

Formula
  
C6H14N4O2

Arginine No Bull Supplements Larginine What You Need to Know

Related alkanoic acids
  
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acidbeta-Methylamino-L-alanineGuanidinopropionic acidTheaninePantothenic acid

Thermodynamicdata
  
Phase behavioursolid–liquid–gas

IUPAC ID
  
(S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid

Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Contents

Arginine L Arginine

Arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. Preterm infants are unable to synthesize or create arginine internally, making the amino acid nutritionally essential for them. Most healthy people do not need to supplement with arginine because their body produces sufficient amounts.

Arginine Arginine Chemistry Dictionary amp Glossary

Arginine was first isolated from a lupin seedling extract in 1886 by the German chemist Ernst Schultze. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO form under biological conditions), and a side chain of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain capped by a complex guanidinium, classifying it as a charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid.

Arginine 8 Proven Benefits of Larginine

Function

Arginine Arginine Wikipedia

Arginine plays an important role in cell division, the healing of wounds, removing ammonia from the body, immune function, and the release of hormones.

The roles of arginine include:

Arginine FileLArginin LArgininesvg Wikimedia Commons

  • Precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) Non-L-arginine derived NO can be generated by the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway that is monitored through saliva testing.
  • Reduces healing time of injuries (particularly bone)
  • Quickens repair time of damaged tissue
  • Helps decrease blood pressure in clinical hypertensive subjects NO-mediated decrease in blood pressure is influenced by both the L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase pathway and non-L-arginine or alternative pathway through nitrate-rich foods such as beets and spinach.
  • Arginine is a potent agonist of the mTOR protein kinase that regulates growth and metabolism at both the cellular and organismal level. Arginine helps to activate mTORC1 by promoting its localization to the lysosome by binding to the CASTOR proteins.
  • Proteins

    Arginine LArginine 98 SigmaAldrich

    The distributing basics of the moderate structure found in geometry, charge distribution, and ability to form multiple H-bonds make arginine ideal for binding negatively charged groups. For this reason, arginine prefers to be on the outside of the proteins, where it can interact with the polar environment.

    Arginine Arginine New study exposes additional oral health benefits

    Incorporated in proteins, arginine can also be converted to citrulline by PAD enzymes. In addition, arginine can be methylated by protein methyltransferases.

    Precursor

    Arginine is the immediate precursor of nitric oxide (NO), urea, ornithine, and agmatine; is necessary for the synthesis of creatine; and can also be used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine), citrulline, and glutamate. As a precursor of nitric oxide, arginine may have a role in the treatment of some conditions where vasodilation is required. The presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a close relative, inhibits the nitric oxide reaction; therefore, ADMA is considered a marker for vascular disease, just as L-arginine is considered a sign of a healthy endothelium.

    Treatment of dentin hypersensitivity

    Arginine (8%) in dental products (e.g., toothpaste) provides effective relief from sensitive teeth by depositing a dentin-like mineral, containing calcium and phosphate, within the dentin tubules and in a protective layer on the dentin surface.

    Treatment of herpes simplex virus

    An unproven claim is that a low ratio of arginine to lysine may be of benefit in the treatment of herpes simplex virus. For more information, refer to Herpes – Treatment also see journal article.

    Treatment of peripheral neuropathy

    A number of studies have shown that L-arginine can have a positive effect in reducing the pain associated with peripheral neuropathy. As the immediate precursor of Nitric Oxide, increased L-arginine intake sets off a cascade of bio-chemical events that ultimately leads to increased blood perfusion in the areas affected by the disease. As more nutrient-rich, oxygenated blood becomes available to the damaged nerve cells, inflammation is reduced and the cells can begin to regenerate. Most studies show L-arginine efficacy in treating peripheral neuropathy is best accomplished with a daily intake of 500 mg to 1000 mg.

    Safety

    L-arginine is generally recognized as safe (GRAS-status) at intakes of up to 20 g/d.

    Structure

    The amino acid side-chain of arginine consists of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain, the distal end of which is capped by a complex guanidinium group.

    With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic, and even most basic environments, and thus imparts basic chemical properties to arginine. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized, enabling the formation of multiple H-bonds.

    Growth hormone

    Intravenously-administered arginine stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, and is used in growth hormone stimulation tests. Two studies have found that oral arginine supplementation is also effective at increasing resting GH levels. The first study found that oral preparations of arginine are effective at increasing growth hormone levels. In fact, the 9-gram dose resulted in mean peak GH levels of 6.4 (± 1.3) µg/L versus placebo levels of 2.9 (± 0.7). Another study found similar results. It included resting versus exercise and oral L-arginine versus oral placebo. The authors concluded that "Oral arginine alone (7 g) stimulated GH release, but a greater GH response was seen with exercise alone. The combined effect of arginine before exercise attenuates the GH response… GH production: Ex > Arg+Ex > Arg > placebo" suggesting against supplementing with arginine alone prior to exercise if the goal is to raise GH levels, but concurring with the previous study that oral L-arginine increases GH on days free of significant exercise. In contrast to these two studies that found increased resting GH due to oral arginine supplementation, a third study did not find increase in resting GH levels from oral supplementation. In that study, oral preparations of L-arginine were ineffective at increasing growth hormone levels despite being effective at increasing plasma levels of L-arginine.

    MELAS syndrome

    Several trials delved into effects of L-arginine in MELAS syndrome, a mitochondrial disease.

    High blood pressure

    Intravenous infusion of arginine reduces blood pressure in patients with hypertension as well as normal subjects.

    A meta-analysis showed that L-arginine reduces blood pressure with pooled estimates of 5.4/2.7 mmHg for SBP/DBP.

    Supplementation with L-arginine reduces diastolic blood pressure and lengthens pregnancy for women with gestational hypertension, including women with high blood pressure as part of pre-eclampsia. It does not lower systolic blood pressure or improve the baby's weight at birth.

    References

    Arginine Wikipedia


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