View factor

Summation of view factors

Because radiation leaving a surface is conserved, the sum of all view factors from a given surface, S i , is unity:

For example, consider a case where two blobs with surfaces A and B are floating around in a cavity with surface C. All of the radiation that leaves A must either hit B or C, or if A is concave, it could hit A. 100% of the radiation leaving A is divided up among A, B, and C.

Confusion often arises when considering the radiation that arrives at a target surface. In that case, it generally does not make sense to sum view factors as view factor from A and view factor from B (above) are essentially different units. C may see 10% of A 's radiation and 50% of B 's radiation and 20% of C 's radiation, but without knowing how much each radiates, it does not even make sense to say that C receives 80% of the total radiation.

Self-viewing surfaces

For a convex surface, no radiation can leave the surface and then hit later, because radiation travels in straight lines. Hence, for convex surfaces, F A → A = 0

For concave surfaces, this doesn't apply, and so for concave surfaces F A → A > 0

Superposition Rule

The superposition rule (or summation rule) is useful when a certain geometry is not available with given charts or graphs. The superposition rule allows us to express the geometry that is being sought using the sum or difference of geometries that are known.

Reciprocity

The reciprocity theorem for view factors allows one to calculate F B → A if one already knows F A → B . Using the areas of the two surfaces A A and A B ,

View factors of differential areas

Taking the limit of a small flat surface gives differential areas, the view factor of two differential areas of areas d A 1 and d A 2 at a distance s is given by:

where θ 1 and θ 2 are the angle between the surface normals and a ray between the two differential areas.

The view factor from a general surface A 1 to another general surface A 2 is given by:

The view factor is related to the etendue.

Hottel's crossed string rule

The crossed string rule allows calculation of radiation transfer between opposite sides of a quadrilateral, and furthermore applies in some cases where there is partial obstruction between the objects. For a derivation and further details, see this article by G H Derrick.

Nusselt analog

A geometrical picture that can aid intuition about the view factor was developed by Wilhelm Nusselt, and is called the Nusselt analog. The view factor between a differential element dA_i and the element A_j can be obtained projecting the element A_j onto the surface of a unit hemisphere, and then projecting that in turn onto a unit circle around the point of interest in the plane of A_i. The view factor is then equal to the differential area dA_i times the proportion of the unit circle covered by this projection.

The projection onto the hemisphere, giving the solid angle subtended by A_j, takes care of the factors cos(θ₂) and 1/r²; the projection onto the circle and the division by its area then takes care of the local factor cos(θ₁) and the normalisation by π.

The Nusselt analog has on occasion been used to actually measure form factors for complicated surfaces, by photographing them through a suitable fish-eye lens. (see also Hemispherical photography). But its main value now is essentially in building intuition.