Variola caprina (Goat Pox) is a contagious viral disease caused by a pox virus that affects goats. The virus usually spreads via the respiratory system, and sometimes spreads through abraded skin. It is most likely to occur in crowded stock. Sources of the virus include cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal secretions and faeces. There are two types of the disease; the papulo-vesicular form and nodular form (stone pox). The incubation period is usually between 8–13 days, but it may be as short as 4 days.
It is thought the same virus spreads sheep pox, to which European sheep breeds are highly susceptible. The virus may be present in dried scabs for up to 6 months.
In endemic areas the morbidity rate is 70-90% and the mortality rate is 5-10%. The mortality rate may reach nearly 100% in imported animals. Resistant animals may show only a mild form of the disease, which may be missed as only a few lesions are present, usually around the ears or the tail.
Goat pox is found in the part of Africa north of the equator, the Middle East, Central Asia and India. It may be spread between animals by:
Direct contact
Indirect transmission by contaminated implements, vehicles or products such as litter or fodder
Indirect transmission by insects (mechanical vectors).
Contamination by inhalation, intradermal or subcutaneous inoculation, or by respiratory, transcutaneous and transmucosal routes
Initial rapid onset of fever, salivation, nasal discharge and conjunctivitis
Eruption of skin lesions after a few days. These lesions first develop into vesicles, pustules and then hairy and dark-colored scabs. They may take up to 6 weeks to heal. Scabs are often found in hair-free or wool-free areas such as the udders, perineum, inguinal area, scrotum, muzzle, eyelids and axillae.
Appearance on udders and teats of small, red spotty areas which may form scabs. The orifices of the teats may become infected and cause mastitis.
Sensitivity in affected skin
Internal lesions in the lungs causing respiratory distress
Depression
Polynoea
Oedema of eyelids, photophobia, Rhinitis and lacrimation
Development of nodules in the lungs causing bronchopneumonia
Anorexia
Papules become a white-grey colour, desiccate and form crusts that are easy to remove
Papules are 0.5-1.5 cm diameters and are hard to the touch. The papules become depressed, gray and necrotic. May be surrounded by an area of hyperemia.
Rarely, papules may transform into large, fluid-filled vesicles. After the vesicles rupture, a thick crust covers the lesions
Papules give rise to nodules involving all the layers of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue.
Necrosis and sloughing of the nodules leaves a hairless scar.
Septicaemia
Abortion (rare)
Infections
Fly strike
Digestive localisation