Tokugawa Ienari; 徳川 家斉 (November 18, 1773 – March 22, 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan who held office from 1787 to 1837. He was a great-grandson of the eighth shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune through his son Munetada (1721–1764), head of the Hitotsubashi branch of the family, and his grandson Harusada (1751–1827).
Ienari died in 1841 and given the Buddhist name Bunkyouin and buried at Kan'ei-ji.
In 1778, the four-year-old Hitotsubashi Toyochiyo (豊千代). a minor figure in the Tokugawa clan hierarchy, was betrothed to Shimazu no Shige-hime or Tadako-hime, the four-year-old daughter of Shimazu Shigehide, the tozama daimyō of Satsuma Domain on the island of Kyūshū. The significance of this alliance was dramatically enhanced when, in 1781, the young Toyochiyo was adopted by the childless shogun, Tokugawa Ieharu. This meant that when Toyochiyo became Shogun Ienari in 1786, Shigehide was set to become the father-in-law of the shogun. The marriage was completed in 1789, after which Tadako became formally known as Midaidokoro Sadako, or "first wife" Sadako. Protocol required that she be adopted into a court family, and the Konoe family agreed to take her in but this was a mere formality.
Ienari was known as a degenerate who kept a harem of 900 women and fathered over 75 children
Many of Ienari's children were adopted into various daimyō houses throughout Japan, and some played important roles in the history of the Bakumatsu and Boshin War. Some of the more famous among them included:
Hachisuka Narihiro, Tokushima Domain
Hachisuka Mochiaki
Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932)
Hachisuka Masauji (1903–1953)
Hachisuka Masako (1941)
Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970)
Matsudaira Naritami, Tsuyama Domain
Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1849), Shimizu Tokugawa family then to Wakayama Domain
Matsudaira Narisawa, Fukui Domain
Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846), Wakayama Domain
Tokugawa Iemochi
Tazawa Hidenari, Tazawa Domain, as Tazawa Hideyasu's adopted son
Father: Tokugawa Harusada (1751–1827)
Mother: O-Tomi no Kata (d. 1817)
Adoptive Father: Tokugawa Ieharu
Wife: Shimazu no Shigehime later Kodaiin (1773-1844)
Concubine:
Omiyo no Kata (1797-1872) (There is legend said that Omiyo was daughter of Tokugawa Ieharu with a servant) later Senkoin
O-ito no kata
Oyae no Kata (?-1843) later Kaishun'in
Oraku no Kata (?-1810) later Korin'in
Otase no Kata (?-1832) later Myosoin
Ohana no Kata (?-1845) later Seiren'in
Ohachi no Kata later Honrin'in (?-1850)
Ohachi no Kata (?-1813) later Chisoin
Osode no Kata (?-1830) later Honshoin
Oyachi no Kata (?-1810) later Seishoin
Osato no Kata (?-1800) later Chosoin
Ocho no Kata (?-1852) later Sokuseiin
Oshiga no Kata (?-1813) later Keimeiin
Outa no Kata (?-1851) later Hoschiin
Oume no Kata (?-1794)later Shinsei-in
Oman no Kata (?-1835) later Seishin'in
Obi no Kata (?-1808) later Hoshin'in
Children:
Toshihime (1789-1817) married Tokugawa Naritomo by Oman
Koso-in (b.1790) by Oman
Takechiyo (1792-1793) by Oman
Tokugawa Ieyoshi born by Korin'in
Hidehime (b.1794) later Tansei-in by Oume
Ayahime (1795-1797) Enganged to Date Chikamune of Sendai Domain by Oman
Tokugawa Keinosuke (1795-1797) by Oume
Tokugawa Atsunosuke (1796–1799) born by Shigehime inherited Shimazu-Tokugawa family
Sohime (1796-1797) by Oshiga
Tokugawa Toyasaburo (b.1798) by Oume
Kakuhime (1798-1799) by Osato
Gohime (1799-1800) by Oume
Tazawa Hidenari
Tokugawa Hidemaru
Mine-hime (1800-1853) born by Otase and married Tokugawa Narinobu of Owari Domain
Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801-1846) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited Kii Domain and born to Otase
Toruhime (1801-1802) by Ocho
Jiyohime (1802-1803) by Oume
Asahime (1803-1843) married Matsudaira Naritsugu of Fukui Domain by Obi
Jukihime (1803-1804) by Otase
Tokugawa Tokinosuke (1803-1805) by Ocho
Harehime (1805-1807) by Otase
Tokugawa Torachiyo (1806-1810) by Ocho
Kohime (b.1806)
Kishihime (1807-1811)
Motohime (1808-1821) married Matsudaira Katahiro of Aizu Domain by Oyachi
Ayahime (1809-1837) married Matsudaira Yoritane of Takamatsu Domain by Osode
Tokugawa Tomomatsu (1809-1813) by Ocho
Tokugawa Nariaki (1809-1827) born by Oyae
Yo-hime (1813-1868), married Maeda Nariyasu, born to Omiyo
Nakahime (1815-1817), born to Omiyo, married Tokugawa Naritsura from Hitotsubashi Family later Seijun-in
Tokugawa Narinori (1810-1827) inherited Shimizu family of Gosankyo and born by Oyae
Tokugawa Naritaka born by Ocho
Tsuyahime (b.1811) by Osode
Morihime (1811-1846) married Nabeshima Naomasa of Saga Domain by Oyae
Ikeda Narihiro (1812-1826) born by Oyae
Kazuhime (1813-1830) married Mori Narito of Chosu Domain by Ocho
Yasu-hime (1813-1863) born by Senko-in and married Tokugawa Mitsukuni later Kokugakuin
Takahime (1813-1814) by Osode
Tokugawa Okugoro (1813-1814) by Ohachi
Kotohime (1815-1816) by Ohana
Tokugawa Kyugoro (1815-1817) by Ocho
Matsudaira Naritami born to Oyae
Sue hime (1817-1872) married Asano Naritaka of Hiroshima Domain later Yousein by Omiyo
Suzuma Nobuyuki (b.1817) by Oyae
Kiyohime (1818-1868), married Sakai Tadanori of Himeji Domain later Seiko-in, born to Oyae
Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1820-1838) by Ohana
Tokugawa Shichiro (1818-1821) by Osode
Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1819-1839) of Fukui Domain and born to Oyae
Ei-hime (1819-1875) married Tokugawa Narikura of Hitotsubashi Domain by Ohana
Tokugawa Nariharu born by Ohana
Matsudaira Narisawa born by Honrin'in
Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited Kii Domain and born by Osode
Hachisuka Narihiro born by Oyae
Tokugawa Hachiro (1822-1823) by Osode
Matsudaira Narisada (1823-1841) born by Ohana
Matsudaira Narikoto (1825-1844) of Akashi Domain born by Ohana
Taehime (1827-1843) by Ohana and married Ikeda Narimichi of Tottori Domain
Tokugawa Taminosuke, born by O-ito
Fumihime
1787 (Tenmei 7): Ienari becomes the 11th shogun of the bakufu government.
1788 (Tenmei 7): Riots in rice shops in Edo and Osaka.
March 6–11, 1788 (Tenmei 8, 29th day of the 1st month–4th day of the second month): Great Fire of Kyoto. A fire in the city, which begins at 3 o'clock in the morning of March 6 burns uncontrolled until the 1st day of the second month (March 8); and embers smolder until extinguished by heavy rain on the 4th day of the second month (March 11). The emperor and his court flee the fire, and the Imperial Palace is destroyed. No other re-construction is permitted until a new palace is completed. This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch VOC Opperhoofd in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent."
February 28, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 18th day of the 1st month): Collapse of the peak of Mount Unzen.
March 17, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 6th day of the 2nd month): Eruption of Mt. Biwas-no-kubi
April 15, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 3rd month): The Shimabara earthquake.
May 10, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 4th month): Eruption of Mt. Miyama.
September 1817, the Shogun orders the expulsion of Titia Bergsma, the first European woman to visit Japan
1833–1837, the Tenpō famine
1837 (Tenpō 7): Tokugawa Ieyoshi becomes the 12th shogun of the bakufu government.
Ienari's time in office was marked by an era of pleasure, excess, and corruption, which ended in the disastrous Tenpō Famine of 1832–1837, in which thousands are known to have perished.
The years in which Ienari was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
Tenmei (1781–1789)
Kansei (1789–1801)
Kyōwa (1801–1804)
Bunka (1804–1818)
Bunsei (1818–1830)
Tenpō (1830–1844)
