A Strategic steam reserve (SSR) is a collection of withdrawn steam locomotives which is kept in working order for possible use in a national emergency. During the Cold War several countries, including Sweden and the Soviet Union, kept SSRs and the United Kingdom is reported to have done so, albeit without hard evidence.
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Need for a SSR
Many European railways have a large mileage which is electrified. In the event of a war, or major natural disaster, electricity supplies could be disrupted and electric locomotives would be unworkable. Diesel locomotives could also be at risk for two reasons:
Feasibility
Although the availability and even storage of large numbers of steam locomotives would be practical (at least, on the scale of other Cold War strategic projects), the overall usefulness of such a reserve is far less practical.
The British 'Strategic Reserve'
The alleged British 'Strategic Reserve' is a potent and frequently recurring urban myth amongst railway enthusiasts. Following the complete withdrawal of mainline steam traction in 1968, the myth persisted for decades that a reserve of locomotives had been retained for such a strategic purpose. As no official reserve existed, nor was any reserve obviously visible, this encouraged many fanciful explanations for where the reserve might be hidden, usually in some tunnel or mine. One theory even claimed that the growing steam preservation movement was itself the Strategic Reserve.
Some support for these theories was given by the young age and high quality of the British locomotive fleet. The British Railways Standard classes were the pinnacle of British locomotive design and had been constructed until only a few years before withdrawal, even after the withdrawal of steam had been planned. Rather than applying Hanlon's razor to this evident wastefulness, the assumption was that there must have been some other secret justification to constructing a fleet of new, capable and standardised locomotives.
Another theory was that the reserve comprised the NCB's continued operational fleet of Austerity saddle tank locomotives. This theory, despite having no more evidence for it than any other of these fantasies, did at least have some technical credence. The Austerities had been designed for just such a situation, were solidly constructed, reliable and easy to maintain. Despite slow speed and short range, they were also powerful in terms of tractive effort. These were the last standard gauge steam locomotives to be constructed in the UK in the 20th. Century, and were in a good condition, especially regarding their projected boiler life remaining. As they had also been operated by the Army themselves, this was taken as further "evidence" to support the theory, amongst the fringes of rail enthusiasts. Following the Miners' Strike, the demise of the UK coal industry and the Austerity fleet, enthusiasts even found an opportunity to blame Margaret Thatcher for scrapping the non-existent Strategic Reserve.
In fact all scrapped steam locomotives have been accounted for, and the alleged hiding places (for example Box Tunnel) proved to be innocuous. In any case the use of such a reserve is completely infeasible, steam locomotives required a huge support infrastructure of water and coal supply which died with them and is no longer available. In 2008, BBC Radio 4's programme Punt PI, with Steve Punt, investigated the alleged Strategic Reserve, but found no evidence for its existence.