Name Stephen Carpenter | ||
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Stephen Russell Carpenter is an American lake ecologist who focuses on lake Eutrophication which is the over-enrichment of lake ecosystems leading to toxic blooms of micro-organisms and fish kills. "Eutrophication is a significant environmental problem that can impact humans on a recreational, economic, and even public health level,” says Carpenter, “and it's likely to intensify in the coming decades due to increases in human population, demand for more food, land conversion, and fertilizer use."
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Early life
Stephen Carpenter was born July 5, 1952, in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. His father, Richard, a chemist, was the Director of the National Academies’ Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, so Carpenter was immersed in science at a young age. In his youth, Carpenter spent his summers on his grandfather’s farm in Missouri. During this time he and his cousins enjoyed fishing and camping in the nearby wilderness. “Hiking, camping, fishing, and hunting all come together in ecology,” he says. “I was really excited when I discovered there was a way to get paid for being a scientist outdoors.”
Education
His interest in ecology was sparked during his undergraduate program at Amherst College, MA. Carpenter performed undergraduate research in the Fort River of Massachusetts on the primary production of macrophytes under the instruction of Stuart Fisher, an aquatic ecosystem scientist. He received a B.A. in biology in 1974 and then entered the graduate programs in Botany and Oceanography and Limnology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he participated in the lab of Michael Adams to examine the role played by macrophytes in the phosphorus cycle of lake ecosystems. During his undergraduate years he met his wife, Susan Moths, whom he married in the same year he finished his doctoral dissertation, 1979.
Career
He began a teaching career at the University of Notre Dame where he continued to work on lake research at the university’s field station near Land O’ Lakes Wisconsin. Here he created a more broadly scoped study of lake ecosystem to include plants and animals and the food web. In 1982 he began work on the Trophic Cascades Project, which involved the dynamics of the lake ecosystems. After 10 years spent at Notre Dame, he returned to Madison to a faculty position in the Department of Zoology. Madison had a strong limnology program allowing him to pursue other research including the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish and invertebrates in Lake Michigan. He resumed work on the Madison lakes, including Lake Mendota, where his interest in the phosphorus cycle and eutrophication was renewed. His studies on the phosphorus cycle focused on nonpoint phosphorus pollution and how elevated phosphorus concentrations impacted the ecosystem of Lake Mendota. These investigations led Carpenter to devise strategies to manage the phosphorus cycle. By the mid-1990s he began to study the economy of eutrophication, in which he compared the benefits factories and farms receive by causing eutrophication to the benefits of keeping a lake clean and clear with the goal of maximizing the benefits on both sides. Carpenter is Chair of the Science Committee for the Program on Ecosystem Change and Society of the "Future Earth. He is co-Editor in Chief of the journal Ecosystems, and a member of governing boards for the Stockholm Resilience Centre and the South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Studies. In 2000-2005 he was co-chair of the Scenarios Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. He led the North Temperate Lakes research site of the Long Term Ecological Research Network program at the University of Wisconsin in 1999-2009. He is a former President of the Ecological Society of America. As of 2011, Carpenter has published 5 books and about 400 scientific papers, book chapters, reviewed reports and commentaries.
Awards
Carpenter is the 2011 laureate of the Stockholm Water Prize for his research on how lake ecosystems are affected by their surrounding landscape and by human activities such as nutrient loading, fishing, and introductions of exotic species. His other awards include a Pew Fellowship in Conservation and Environment, the G. Evelyn Hutchinson Award in 1999 from the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, the Robert H. MacArthur Award in 2000 from the Ecological Society of America, the Excellence in Ecology Prize (ECI Prize)in 2000 from the Ecology Institute for limnetic ecology, and the Naumann-Thienemann medal of the International Society of Limnology. Carpenter has also been awarded membership in the US National Academy of Sciences, and Foreign Membership of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Research
Carpenter's research interest is in whole-ecosystem experiments and adaptive ecosystem management in freshwaters. Specific topics include: trophic cascades and their effects on production and nutrient cycling;, contaminant cycles; freshwater fisheries; eutrophication; nonpoint pollution; ecological economics of freshwater; resilience of social-ecological systems; and early warnings of collapse in complex systems.
List of Important Papers
Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity
Regulation of Lake Primary Productivity By Food Web Structure
Influence of Food Web Structure on Carbon Exchange Between Lakes and the Atmosphere
Whole-lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs
Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen
Management of Eutrophication for Lakes Subject to Potentially Irreversible Change
Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems
Early Warnings of Regime Shifts: A Whole-Ecosystem Experiment