Slavic names

History of Slavic names

In pre-Christian traditions, a child less than 7–10 years old would bear a "substitutional name", the purpose of which was to deflect attention from the child and thereby to protect it from the curiosity of evil powers. The practice was largely the effect of the high mortality rate for young children at the time. A child who survived to 7–10 years was considered worthy of care and was granted adult status and a new adult name during a ritual first haircut.

Traditional names remained dominant until the Slavic nations converted to Christianity. Finally, the Council of Trent (1545–63) decreed that every Catholic should have a Christian name instead of a native one.

Names in Poland

After the ban on native non-Christian names imposed by the Council of Trent, the Polish nobility (especially Protestants) attempted to preserve traditional names, such as Zbigniew and Jarosław. Ordinary people, however, tended to choose names solely from the Christian calendar, which contained only a handful of Slavic saints' names, in particular: Kazimierz (St. Casimir), Stanisław (St. Stanislaus), Wacław (St.Wenceslaus) and Władysław (St. Ladislaus). Slavic names that referred to God (e.g. Bogdan, Bogumił) were also permitted.

Names in Kievan Rus

Old Rus' names were based on common Slavic names such as Vladimir "Vladey mirom" (rules the world, ruler of the world), Svyatopolk (holy regiment), Yaropolk, Voislav (glorious warrior), Borislav (glorious wrestler), Boris (fighter), Lyubomir (loves the world), Ratibor (war fighter), Vadim, Yaroslav, Izyaslav, Mstislav, Vsevolod. In the 11th century, after the growing influence of the Christian Church, the tendency to use the names of saints of the Greek Church has increased and most of old Rus' names were displaced by Dmytriy, Andrey, Nikolay, Terentiy, Sergey, Anton, Kirill, Georgiy, Konstantin, Alexandr, Foma, Akakiy, etc.

Names today

Since national revivals during 19th and 20th centuries, traditional names, especially of historical rulers and heroes, regained popularity. For example, in Poland many forgotten names were resurrected, such as Bronisław, Bolesław, Dobiesław, Dobrosław, Jarosław, Mirosław, Przemysław, Radosław, Sławomir, Wiesław, Zdzisław, and Zbigniew; and new ones created, such as Lechosław and Wieńczysław. Today, traditional Slavic names are accepted by the Christian Church and are given at a child's baptism.

Meaning of Slavic names

Old Slavic names were built with one or two lexemes:

Single-lexeme names

Single-lexeme names were derived from ordinary or adjectival words and were usually, though not always, borne by peasants, e.g.: Baran (ram), Szydło (awl), Kąkol (cockle), Broda (beard, chin), Żyła (vein), Uchacz (ear-man), Łopata (shovel), Żaba (frog), Rus (Ruthenian/Russian man), Cich (silent man), etc. Many names of this kind are used today, for example:

Dithematic names

Dithematic names are built with two lexemes. Kaleta 1995 notes that "In the case of Old Germanic and Old Slavic personal names, the dithematic name form contained a wish for the new-born child. These wishes pertained to the values that obtained in these early times". In Poland alone, over 600 masculine names, 120 feminine names and 150 different affixes (lexemes) are known. These have been reconstructed from place names and the (scarce) written sources such as the Bull of Gniezno. Certain names were reserved for monarchs (e.g. in Poland: Kazimierz, Władysław, Bolesław). Examples are listed below. As an example of the pattern: Władysław contains the prefix wład (to rule, ruler) and the suffix sław (fame, glory). Note that feminine equivalents usually end in a (e.g. Bogusław - Bogusława).

Participle-built names

These are derived either from the past participle (in the passive voice), e.g.: Bojan, Chocian, Kochan, Miłowan, Pomian, Stator, Wygnan, or the present participle (in the active voice), e.g.: Cieszym, Myślim, Radzim, Borzym. Such names are repositories of perhaps the largest source of sociological data about the ancient Slavic people. They have a variety of purposes, which can be listed as follows:

Other examples: Poznan ('known', 'recognized'), Goszczon (being a guest at someone's place), Krszczon ('baptized'), Radovan, Dragan, Željan, Dejan, Nayden, Mirjana.

Diminutive and hypocoristic names

Diminutive and hypocoristic (endearing) names deriving from the above-mentioned dithematic names are created by using different diminutive suffixes. Such names are very popular in everyday usage, and usually are created by replacing part of the name with the suffix -ek (masculine, predominantly West Slavic; e.g. Polish Włodzimierz – Włodek), -ko (masculine, predominantly South Slavic and Ukrainian), -ka (feminine; also masculine in Russian), or -a: Mila, Luba, Staszek, Radek, Władek, Zlatko, Zlata, Volodya, Bronek, Leszek, Dobrusia, Slavko, Wojtek, Mirka, Bogusia, Slava, Zdravko, Zbyszko, Miłosz, Staś, Przemek, Bolko, Draho, Željko, Borya (fight), etc.

Popularity in non-Slavic cultures

Some Slavic names have gained popularity in other (non-Slavic) countries, e.g.: Vera, Mila, Svante, Boris, Vladimir, Mirko, Laszlo, Casimir, Wenzel, Milena, Estanislao, Vlad, Nadia, Mircea, Bronislovas, Radu, Vesna, Wanda, Ladislao, Bogdan, etc.

Christian Saints with Slavic names

The following list contains only canonized Saints. Beatified Saints with Slavic names (e.g. Saint Ceslaus, Saint Radim) are not included.

Slavic names popular in Russia

Feminine: Bogdana, Boleslava, Borislava, Bronislava, Lyubov, Ludmila/Ludmilla, Miloslava, Miroslava, Nadezhda, Rada, Radoslava, Slava, Snezhana, Stanislava, Svetlana, Vera, Vladislava, Yaroslava

Masculine: Bogdan, Boleslav, Boris, Borislav, Bronislav, Kazimir, Iziaslav, Miloslav, Miroslav, Mstislav, Radimir/Radomir, Radoslav, Rostislav, Stanislav, Svyatopolk, Svyatoslav, Vadim, Vlad, Vladimir, Vladislav, Vsevolod, Vyacheslav, Yaroslav

See also:

Slavic names in Bulgaria

Feminine: Beloslava, Bilyana, Bisera, Bistra, Blaga, Blagorodna, Blagovesta, Blaguna, Bogdana, Boriana, Borislava, Boyana, Boyka, Bozhana, Bozhidara, Branimira, Darina, Denica, Desislava, Dobra, Dobriana, Dobrinka, Dobromira, Elka, Grozda, Grozdana, Iskra, Kalina, Krasimira, Luba, Lubomira, Lyudmila, Lyubka, Lyubov, Malina, Miglena, Mila, Militsa, Milka , Milanka, Milena, Mira, Miriana, Miroliuba, Miroslava, Nadezhda, Nadia, Neda, Nedelya, Nedyalka, Nevena, Ognyana, Plamena, Preslava, Rada, Radka, Radost, Radostina, Radoslava, Radosveta, Ralica, Rosica, Rostislava, Rumena, Rumiana, Slavena, Slavina, Slavka, Snezha, Snezhana, Snezhanka, Snezhina, Spasena, Spaska, Stanimira, Stanislava, Stanka, Stoyanka, Stoyna, Svetla, Svetlana, Svetoslava, Svetozara, Svilena, Tsveta, Tsvetanka, Tsvetelina, Tsviata, Velika, Velislava, Velizara, Velmira, Vera, Vesela, Veselina, Viara, Vihra, Vladislava, Zdravka, Zhivka, Zlata, Zlatina, Zora, Zorka, Zornitsa

Masculine:

Biser, Blago, Blagoy, Blagovest, Blagun, Bogdan, Bogomil, Bojidar, Boril, Boris, Borislav, Borko, Boyan, Boyko, Bozhil, Bozhin, Branimir, Darin, Darko, Delcho, Delyan, Denislav, Desislav, Deyan, Dragan, Dragomir, Dobri, Dobrin, Dobroliub, Dobromir, Dobroslav, Goran, Grozdan, Iskren, Kamen, Krasimir, Krastan, Krastyo, Lachezar, Lyuben, Lyubomir, Lyuboslav, Lyudmil, Malin, Milan, Milcho, Milen, Mileti, Milko, Milush, Mirko, Miro, Miroslav, Mladen, Momchil, Naum, Nayden, Nedelcho, Nedyalko, Ognian, Ognyan, Orlin, Parvan, Plamen, Preslav, Prodan, Radi, Radko, Radomir, Radoslav, Radosvet, Radoy, Raicho, Rayko, Razvigor, Rosen, Rostislav, Rumen, Sneg, Slav, Slavcho, Slavi, Slavian, Slavko, Slavomir, Spas, Stanimir, Stanislav, Stanko, Stoil, Stoyan, Stoycho, Stoyko, Strahil, Svetlin, Svetoslav, Svetozar, Svilen, Tihomir, Tomislav, Traicho, Traiko, Tsvetan, Tsvetomir, Valko, Varban, Vasil, Velichko, Veliko, Velin, Velislav, Velizar, Velko, Ventseslav, Ventsislav, Veselin, Vesselin, Vihren, Vitomir, Vladimir, Vladislav, Volen, Yasen, Yavor, Zdravko, Zhelyazko, Zhivko, Zlatan, Zlatko, Zlatomir, Zvezdelin

Slavic names in Croatia

Feminine:

Berislava, Biserka, Blaga, Blagica, Blaženka, Bogdana, Bogomila, Bogumila, Borka, Borislava, Božena, Božica, Božidarka, Branimira, Branka, Buga, Cvita, Cvijeta, Čedna, Danica, Davorka, Divna, Dragana, Dragica, Draženka, Dubravka, Dunja, Hrvatina, Hrvoja, Hrvojka, Jasenka, Jasna, Ljuba, Ljubica, Mila, Milica, Miljenka, Mislava, Mira, Mirka, Mirna, Mojmira, Morana, Nada, Neda, Nediljka, Nevenka, Ognjenka, Ranka, Rašeljka, Ratka, Ruža, Ružica, Sanja, Slava, Slavica, Slavenka, Smiljana, Spomenka, Srebrenka, Stanislava, Stana, Stanka, Snješka, Snježana, Sunčana, Sunčica, Svitlana, Svjetlana, Tjeha, Tihana, Tihomila, Tuga, Vedrana, Vera, Verica, Vjera, Vesna, Vjekoslava, Vlasta, Vlatka, Zdenka, Zlata, Zora, Zorica, Zorka, Zrinka, Zrina, Zvjezdana, Zvonimira, Zvonka, Željka, Živka

Masculine:

Berislav, Berivoj, Blago, Bogdan, Bogumil, Bogoljub, Bogomil, Boris, Borislav, Borna, Božetjeh, Božidar, Božo, Bratislav, Budimir, Branimir, Brajko, Branko, Braslav, Bratoljub, Cvitko, Cvjetko, Časlav, Častimir, Čedomir, Dalibor, Damir, Darko, Davor, Davorin, Davorko, Desimir, Dobroslav, Dobrovit, Domagoj, Dragan, Drago, Dragoslav, Dragutin, Dražan, Dražen, Draženko, Držiha, Držislav, Godemir, Gojko, Gojislav, Gojslav, Goran, Grubiša, Hrvatin, Hrvoj, Hrvoje, Hrvoslav, Kazimir, Kažimir, Jasenko, Klonimir, Krešimir, Krešo, Krševan, Lavoslav, Ljubomir, Ljudevit, Milan, Mile, Milivoj, Milovan, Miljenko, Mirko, Miro, Miroslav, Miroš, Mislav, Mladen, Mojmir, Mutimir, Nediljko, Nedjeljko, Nenad, Neven, Njegomir, Njegovan, Ognjen, Ostoja, Ozren, Predrag, Pribislav, Prvan, Prvoslav, Prvoš, Radimir, Radomir, Radoš, Rajko, Ranko, Ratimir, Ratko, Rato, Radovan, Radoslav, Siniša, Slaven, Slaviša, Slavoljub, Snješko, Slavomir, Smiljan, Spomenko, Srebrenko, Srećko, Stanislav, Stanko, Strahimir, Svetoslav, Tihomil, Tihomir, Tješimir, Tomislav, Tomo, Tugomir, Tvrtko, Trpimir, Vatroslav, Većeslav, Vedran, Velimir, Veselko, Vidoslav, Vjekoslav, Vjenceslav, Višeslav, Vitomir, Vjeran, Vladimir, Vlado, Vlatko, Vojmil, Vojmir, Vojnomir, Vuk, Zdenko, Zdeslav, Zdravko, Zorislav, Zoran, Zrinko, Zrinoslav, Zlatko, Zvonimir, Zvonko, Želimir, Željko, Živko

Slavic names in Macedonia

Feminine: Blagica, Mila, Ljupka, Mirjana, Stojna, Slavka, Slavica, Živka, Blagorodna, Ver(k)a, Jagoda, Letka, Mirka, Ubavka, Snežana, Zlata, Blaga, Vladica, Radmila, Rada

Masculine: Boban, Blagoja, Blagojče, Borče, Cvetan, Darko, Dragan, Dragi, Duško, Goran, Ljupčo, Slavčo, Milan, Mile, Miroslav, Vladimir, Vlatko, Zlatko, Živko, Stojan, Zlate, Mirko, Ljuben, Zoran, Ognen, Rade, Blaže, Goce

Slavic names in Serbia

Feminine:

Blagica, Biljana, Biserka, Bojana, Bogdana, Borislava, Boža, Božana, Božena, Božica, Božidarka, Branimira, Branka, Brankica, Branislava, Budislavka, Daliborka, Dana, Danka, Danica, Dara, Darina, Darka, Davorka, Dejana, Divna, Draga, Dragana, Dragica, Dragoslava, Draženka, Dubravka, Dunja, Dušana, Goranka, Gorana, Jasna, Jadranka, Jadrana, Jasenka, Jugoslava, Krešimira, Ljubica, Kalina, Malina, Mila, Milena, Milana, Milica, Milja, Miljana, Milka, Mira, Miroslava, Mirna, Mladenka, Nada, Nadežda, Neda, Nevena, Nevenka, Navenka, Nedeljka, Rada, Radmila, Ranka, Raja, Rajana, Rajka, Radomira, Radoslava, Ružica, Ruža, Sana, Snežana, Slava, Slavica, Slavka, Stana, Senka, Stanka, Stojana, Smiljana, Stanislava, Svetlana, Lana, Ljubica, Tara, Tija, Tijana, Tomislava, Vida, Vedrana, Vera, Verica, Vjera, Vesna, Vesela, Višnja, Zvezdana, Zlata, Zorana, Zorica, Željka

Masculine:

Bajko, Beloš, Beriša, Biljan, Boban, Blagoje, Bogdan, Bogomil, Bogoljub, Bojan, Borislav, Bora, Boris, Borisav, Boško, Branimir, Branislav, Branko, Brajko, Božidar, Budimir, Čedomir, Cvijetin, Gojko, Darko, Dare, Darin, Daro, Dalibor, Damir, Dane, Danko, Davor, Davorin, Dejan, Divan, Dobrica, Dobroslav, Dragan, Dragiša, Drago, Dragoljub, Dragomir, Dragoslav, Dragutin, Draža, Dražen, Draženko, Dubravko, Dušan, Duško, Gojko, Goran, Gradimir, Gvozden, Jakša, Jadranko, Jadran, Javor, Jasen, Jasenko, Jug, Jugoslav, Ljuba, Ljubo Ljubomir, Ljubodrag, Kalin, Miladin, Milan, Milen, Miljan, Milivoje, Mile, Milenko, Milanko, Milo, Miloje, Milorad, Miloš, Milovan, Milutin, Mijomir, Miodrag, Miro, Miroslav, Mirko, Mislav, Miša, Mladen, Momčilo, Momir, Nado, Nebojša, Neven, Nedeljko, Novak, Nemanja, Nenad, Njegomir, Obren, Obrad, Ognjen, Ostoja, Ozren, Predrag, Rade, Radoš, Radič, Radivoje, Rado, Radoje, Radomir, Radonja, Ratomir, Radiša, Radmilo, Radoslav, Radosav, Radovan, Rajan, Rajko, Rajke, Rajo, Ranko, Ratko, Spas, Spasoje, Sava, Savo, Svetlan, Senko, Siniša, Srećko, Smiljan, Slava, Slaven, Slavko, Slavimir, Slaviša, Slobodan, Srđan, Srećko, Sredoje, Sreten, Stanko, Stanislav, Strahinja, Stracimir, Svetozar, Sokol, Tihomir, Tijan, Tomislav, Toplica, Vedran, Velibor, Velimir, Veljko, Veran, Veselin, Veselko, Vladimir, Vladislav, Vlastimir, Vitomir, Vlade, Vlado, Vlatko, Vojislav, Vojkan, Vojmir, Vid, Vuk, Vukan, Vukašin, Vujadin, Vujasin, Vukosav, Vukota, Vuksan, Zvezdan, Zdravko, Zoran, Zvonko, Žarko, Željko, Želimir, Zlatan, Zlatko, Živadin, Živko, Živojin, Živorad, Života

See also:

Slavic names in Slovenia

Feminine:

Bogdana, Branka, Cvetka, Danica, Draga, Dragica, Dunja, Janina, Jasna, Ljuba, Ljubica, Milena, Milica, Mira, Morana, Mora, Nada, Neda, Nedeljka, Neva, Nevenka, Slava, Slavica, Spomenka, Stanislava, Stana, Stanka, Svetlana, Vedrana, Vera, Vesna, Vlasta, Vojka, Zdenka, Zdravka, Zlatka, Zora, Zorica, Zorka, Zvonka, Živa

Masculine:

Bogdan, Boris, Borut, Bojan, Božidar, Božo, Branko, Ciril, Cvetko, Črtomir, Dejan, Dragan, Drago, Dragotin, Dušan, Gojmir, Gorazd, Gregor, Jaroslav, Kresnik, Lado, Milan, Miran, Mirko, Miroslav, Miško, Perun, Radivoj, Rajko, Srečko, Slavko, Stanislav, Stanko, Stane, Vekoslav, Venceslav, Vitan, Vitomir, Vladimir, Vlado, Vojteh, Zdenko, Zdravko, Zoran, Žarko, Željko, Živko

Slavic names popular in Poland

Feminine:

Bogna, Bogdana, Bogumiła, Bogusława, Bolesława, Bożena, Bronisława, Czesława, Dąbrówka, Dobrochna, Dobroniega, Dobrosława, Gniewomira, Godzimira, Godzisława, Gorzysława, Grzymisława, Kazimiera, Ludmiła, Marzanna, Mieczysława, Milena, Miła, Mira, Mirosława, Radochna, Radosława, Sławomira, Sobiesława, Stanisława, Sulisława, Velina, Wacława, Wiesława, Władysława, Zdzisława

See also:

Masculine:

Bogdan, Bogumił, Bogusław, Bogusz, Bohdan, Bolesław, Bożydar, Bronisław, Chwalibóg, Chwalisław, Czcibor, Czesław, Dobiegniew, Dobiesław, Dobrogost, Dobromir, Dobromił, Dobrosław, Domard, Domasław, Dzierżysław, Gniewko, Gniewomir, Godzimir, Godzisław, Gorzysław, Jarosław, Krzesimir, Kazimierz, Lech, Lechosław, Lesław, Leszek, Lubomir, Ludomił, Mieszko, Mieczysław, Miłosław, Miłosz, Mirosław, Mścisław, Mściwój, Przemysław, Przybysław, Radosław, Rościsław, Sambor, Sędziwoj, Sławoj, Sławomir, Sobiesław, Stanisław, Sulisław, Świętosław, Wacław, Wiesław, Wińczysław, Władysław, Włodzimierz, Wojciech, Wszebor, Zawisza, Zbigniew, Zbyszko, Zdzisław, Ziemowit

See also:

Slavic names popular in Slovakia and Czech Republic

Feminine:

Blahoslava, Blahuse, Bojana, Bojka, Boleslava, Bolena, Bolerka, Bohumira, Bohuslava, Božidara, Boža, Božena, Božka, Bratislava, Bretislava, Bretka, Breticka, Bronislava/Branislava, Brana, Branka, Broňa, Bronička, Bronka, Dobrali, Dobromila, Dobromira, Dobroslava, Drahomira, Draha, Drahuše, Drahuška, Draža, Dušana, Duša, Sudanka, Dušička, Duška, Jarka, Kvetoslava, Kveta, Kvetka, Kvetuše, Kvetuška, Libera, Liba, Libenka, Libuše, Libuška, Lidmila, Ludmilla, Ľudmila, Lida, Lidka, Liduna, Lidunka, Liduše, Lizuška, Ľubomíra, Ľuba, Ľubena, Ľubina, Ľubina, Ľubka, Ľubuška, Mecislava, Melina, Mecka, Mila, Milena, Milady, Miladena, Milana, Mlada, Mladena, Miladka, Milanka, Milenka, Milka, Miluše, Miluška, Mlaška, Mladuška, Miloslava, Miroslava, Mira, Mirka, Miruška, Nadežda, Nadeja, Neda, Pribislava, Pribena, Próbka, Pribuška, Radomia, Rada, Radlinka, Radoslava, Rada, Rostislava, Rosta, Rostina, Rostinka, Rostuška, Sobeslava, Sobena, Sobeška, Stanislava, Stana, Stanička, Stanuška, Svetlana, Svetla, Svetlanka, Svetluše, Svetluška, Veleslava, Vela, Velina, Velinka, Velka, Veluška, Venceslava/Vaclava, Vena, Venka, Venuška, Vera, Vierka, Verka, Veruška, Vladimíra, Vladmira, Vladislava/Ladislava, Valeska, Vlasta, Zbyhneva, Zbyna, Zbyša, Zbyhneka, Zbyhneuška, Zdenka, Zdeslava, Zdislava, Desa, Zdeska, Zwisa, Zdiska, Zelislava, Zitomira, Zitka, Zituše, Živanka, Živka, Živuše, Živuška, Zlata, Zlatina, Zlatinka, Zlatka, Zlatuje, Zlatuška, Zlatana, Zlatunka, Zoila, Zora, Zorah

Masculine:

Blahoslav (house form, Blahoš, Blahošek,) Bohdan, Bohumil, Bohumír, Bohuslav, Bojan, Bujanek, Bojek, Boleslav, Bolek Borivoj, house form: Bora, Borik, Borek), Borzivoi, Bozidar, Bratislav, Bretislav house form: Bretik, Břeťa Bronislav/Branislav, Branek, Branik, Budislav, Budek, Česlav/Ctislav, Ctibor, Dalibor, Dobromil, Dobromir, Dobroslav, Drahomir, Draha, Drahoš, Drahošek, Ďurko, Sudan, Sudanek, Dušek, Honza, Jarek, Jaroušek, Jaromil, Jaromir, (house form: Jarek), Jaropluk, Jaroslav, Kvetoslav, Ľubomír, Ľubor, Lumír, Ľubek, Ľuborek, (house form:Ľuboš, Ľubošek, Ludomir, Ľudoslav, Mecislav, Mecek, Mecik, Mecislavek, Milan, Milič, Miloslav, Milda, Milon, Miloš, Miroslav, Mirek, Mstislav, Nepomuk, Pomuk, Nepomucek, Přemysl, Myslik, Premek, Pribislav, Priba, Pribik, Pribišek, Radoslav house form: Radek Radek (house form: Radik, Radeček, Radan, Radko, Radoš, Radoušek, slovak form: Radko), Radomír/Radimír, Radim, Radoslav, Rostislav, Rosta, Rostek, Rostiček, Rostik, Slavomir, Slava, Slavoj, Sobeslav, Sobek, Sobik, Stanislav, Stana, Standa, Stanek, Stanko, Staníček, Stanik, Svätomír, Svätopluk, Svätoslav, Techomír, Techoslav, Veleslav, Vela, Velek, Veloušek, Venceslav/Vaclav, Vacek, Vašek, Vena, Venoušek, Wenzel, Vladimír, Vladislav/Ladislav, Vlad, Vlastimil, Vojtech, house form: Vojta, Wojtek, Vojtik, Vojtíšek, Zbyhnev, Zbyna, Zbytek, Želislav, Želek, Želiček, Želik, Želoušek, Zdeslav, Zdislav, Zdik Zdišek, Zitomir, Zitek, Zitoušek, Živan,Živanek, Živek, Živko, Zlatan, Zlatek, Zlatiček, Zlatik, Zlatko, Zlatoušek

Slavic names popular in Upper Sorbian Łužica

Feminine: Božena, Dobysława, Lubina, Ludmila, Měrana, Milena, Milenka, Mječisława, Rodźisława, Wojćisława

Masculine: Bohuměr, Bronisław, Česćiměr, Dobysław, Horisław, Jaroměr, Milan, Mirko, Mirosław, Mječisław, Radoměr, Stanij, Stanisław, Wjeleměr, Wójsław

See also:

Slavic names in Kashubia

Feminine: Sławina, Sulësława, Witosława

Masculine: Jaromir, Mscëwòj, Subisłôw, Swiãtopôłk