Political party Republican Role Politician Nationality American Name Robert Hawley Resigned 1901 | ||
Education Christian Brothers University | ||
Succeeded by George Farmer Burgess | ||
Robert Bradley Hawley (October 25, 1849 – November 28, 1921) was a businessman and politician from Galveston, Texas, elected as a Republican U.S. Representative (1897-1901) from Texas's 10th congressional district. He won his office in 1896 and 1898 with a plurality, as white voters split between Democratic and Populist party candidates.
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Determined not to lose another congressional election or compete with the Populists and Republicans on split tickets, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a poll tax in 1901, which had the effect of disfranchising most blacks and many minority and poor white voters. This ended competition in the state from the Republican and Populist parties. From 1890 to 1910 all states of the former Confederacy passed measures to disfranchise blacks and exclude them from the political process.
Early life and education
Born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1849, Hawley attended Catholic parochial schools and the Christian Brothers College there. After his father died when he was young, Hawley took on the duties of caring for his mother and siblings while still in his teens.
Career
Hawley moved to Galveston, Texas, in 1875 at the age of 21. He became a merchant, importer, and manufacturer in that bustling port city for the next twenty years. He was elected to serve as president of the Galveston Board of Education from 1889 to 1893.
Political career
Hawley became active in Republican Party politics in the waning years of the Reconstruction era, at a time when Texas was almost completely dominated by the Democratic Party. The Galveston area was a center of an urbanized population, including many German immigrants and African-American freedmen. Both of these latter two groups favored the Republican Party. On September 4, 1890 Hawley was elected as the temporary chairman of the Republican State convention in San Antonio. He served as a delegate to several Republican National conventions.
In 1896 the one-term Democratic Congressman Miles Crowley chose not to run for reelection from Texas' 10th congressional district, which runs mostly northwest from the Greater Houston area and includes Galveston County. Hawley ran and was elected to the open seat as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth Congress. A young Albert Lasker worked on his campaign before moving to Chicago and a career in advertising. Hawley successfully ran for reelection in 1898 for the Fifty-sixth Congress.
In each election Hawley triumphed with less than 50% of the vote, due to the splitting of many white voters at the time between the Democrats and the new Populist Party. During his four years in Congress, he was the only Republican elected from Texas.
In office when Galveston was destroyed by the powerful 1900 hurricane, Hawley decided not to seek reelection. He also realized the likely effects of the poll tax passed by the legislature in 1901 (see below). He was succeeded by the Democrat George Burgess.
In 1901 the Texas legislature passed a poll tax, which sharply reduced voting by minorities and poor whites, and essentially ended Republican and Populist competition with the Democrats. Total voter participation dropped markedly in the state in the early 1900s, as blacks, Latinos and poor whites were closed out, leaving elections dominated by white Democrats.
Later years
Hawley returned to his business pursuits in Galveston and helped in rebuilding the city. In 1906, he established interests in Cuba and became president of the Cuban American Sugar Company. Its success enabled him to add to his business fortune.
In 1921 he was living at 36 Gramercy Park in New York City with his good friend, the artist Arthur G. Learned and Mr. Learned's wife Leila. On the evening of November 27, he was ill with indigestion. Administered a "restorative", he fell asleep around 4 a.m., but was found dead in his bed four hours later on the morning on November 28, 1921. He was interred in the Lakeview Cemetery of his adopted hometown of Galveston, Texas, with his daughter Sue Murray Hawley Oakes, who predeceased him.