Repopulation is the phenomenon of increasing the numerical size of human inhabitants or organisms of a particular species after they had almost gone extinct.
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Organisms
An example of an organism that has repopulated after being on the brink of extinction is the Dryococelus australis.
Humans
The repopulation of humans after a catastrophic event is a hypothetical concept that sometimes features in fictional as well as traditional literature. In this scenario, you usually have only two members of the opposite gender or sex who are survivors after some sort of calamity that has happened. This couple, the last two humans on Earth, ends up reproducing with one another, then their offspring reproduce with one another, until after a certain amount of time, the planet Earth has a sizeable amount of people.