Pyrgulopsis
The name Pyrgulopsis is composed from Pyrgula and opsis = aspect of.
Generic characters of the genus Pyrgulopsis are: the shell is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex is acute. The aperture is ovate. The peritreme is continuous.
The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.
The jaw is thin and membranaceous.
The radula is like this: Odontophore with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian:
4 + 1 + 4 ⁄1 + 1
The distribution of the genus Pyrgulopsis includes Western and South-western United States.
Snails of species in the genus Pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water.
Pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2010, 133 species were recognized in this genus.
Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:
Pyrgulopsis aardahli Hershler, 1989 - Benton Valley springsnailPyrgulopsis aloba Hershler, 1999 - Duckwater pyrgPyrgulopsis amargosae Hershler, 1989 - Amargosa springsnailPyrgulopsis archimedis S. S. Berry, 1947 - archimedes pyrgPyrgulopsis arizonae (Taylor, 1987) - Apache springsnailPyrgulopsis avernalis (Pilsbry, 1935) - Moapa pebblesnailPyrgulopsis bacchus Hershler, 1988 - Grand Wash springsnailPyrgulopsis bedfordensis Hershler & Gustafson, 2001Pyrgulopsis bernardina (Taylor, 1987) - San Bernardino springsnailPyrgulopsis blainica Hershler, H.-P. Liu & Gustafson, 2008Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Hershler, 1990 - Bruneau hot springsnailPyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri Hershler, 1994 - Cortez Hills pebblesnailPyrgulopsis californiensis (Gregg & Taylor, 1965) - Laguna Mountain springsnailPyrgulopsis carinifera (Pilsbry, 1935)Pyrgulopsis castaicensis Hershler & Liu, 2010Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Taylor, 1987) - Chupadera springsnailPyrgulopsis conica Hershler, 1988 - Kingman springsnailPyrgulopsis cruciglans Hershler, 1998 - Transverse grand pyrgPyrgulopsis crystalis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Crystal springsnailPyrgulopsis davisi (Taylor, 1987) - Limpia Creek springsnailPyrgulopsis deaconi Hershler, 1998 - Spring Mountains PyrgPyrgulopsis deserta (Pilsbry, 1916) - desert springsnailPyrgulopsis diablensis Hershler, 1995 - Diablo Range pyrgPyrgulopsis eremica Hershler, 1995 - Smoke Creek pyrgPyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry, 1899) - Ash Meadows pebblesnailPyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Fairbanks springsnailPyrgulopsis gibba Hershler, 1995 - Surprise Valley pyrgPyrgulopsis gilae (Taylor, 1987) - Gila springsnailPyrgulopsis giuliani Hershler & Pratt, 1990 - southern Sierra Nevada springsnailPyrgulopsis glandulosa Hershler, 1988 - Verde Rim springsnailPyrgulopsis greggi Hershler, 1995 - Kern River pyrgPyrgulopsis hendersoni (Pilsbry, 1933) - Harney Lake springsnailPyrgulopsis idahoensis (Pilsbry, 1933) - Idaho springsnailPyrgulopsis ignota Hershler, Liu & Lang, 2010Pyrgulopsis intermedia (Tryon, 1865) - Crooked Creek springsnailPyrgulopsis isolata Hershler & Sada, 1987 - elongate-gland springsnailPyrgulopsis kolobensis (Taylor, 1987) - Toquerville springsnailPyrgulopsis longae Hershler, 1995 - Long Valley pyrgPyrgulopsis longinqua (Gould, 1855)Pyrgulopsis merriami (Pilsbry & Beecher, 1892) - Pahranagat pebblesnailPyrgulopsis metcalfi (Taylor, 1987) - Naegele springsnailPyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry, 1893) - Oasis Valley springsnailPyrgulopsis milleri Hershler & Liu, 2010Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Hershler, 1988 - Montezuma Well springsnailPyrgulopsis morrisoni Hershler, 1988 - Page springsnailPyrgulopsis nanus Hershler & Sada, 1987 - distal-gland springsnailPyrgulopsis neomexicana (Pilsbry, 1916) - Socorro springsnailPyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns, 1883) - corded pyrg - type speciesPyrgulopsis owensensis Hershler, 1989 - Owens Valley springsnailPyrgulopsis pecosensis (Taylor, 1987) - Pecos springsnailPyrgulopsis perturbata Hershler, 1989 - Fish Slough springsnailPyrgulopsis pilsbryana (J. L. Baily & R. I. Baily, 1952) - Bear Lake springsnailPyrgulopsis pisteri Hershler & Sada, 1987 - median-gland springsnailPyrgulopsis robusta (Walker, 1908) - Jackson Lake springsnailPyrgulopsis roswellensis (Taylor, 1987) - Roswell springsnailPyrgulopsis simplex Hershler, 1988 - Fossil springsnailPyrgulopsis sola Hershler, 1988 - brown springsnailPyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Pilsbry, 1899) - Yaqui springsnailPyrgulopsis taylori Hershler, 1995 - San Luis Obispo pyrgPyrgulopsis texana (Pilsbry, 1935) - Phantom cave snailPyrgulopsis thermalis (Taylor, 1987) - New Mexico hot springsnailPyrgulopsis thompsoni Hershler, 1988 - Huachuca springsnailPyrgulopsis trivialis (Taylor, 1987) - Black River springsnailPyrgulopsis turbatrix Hershler, 1998 - Southeast Nevada PyrgPyrgulopsis ventricosa Hershler, 1995 - Clear Lake pyrgPyrgulopsis wongi Hershler, 1989Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).
Pyrgulopsis agarhecta (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstonia - Marstonia agarhecta F.G. Thompson, 1969Pyrgulopsis arga (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - ghost marstonia - Marstonia arga - F.G. Thompson, 1977Pyrgulopsis castor (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - Marstonia castor F.G. Thompson, 1977Pyrgulopsis halcyon (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - Marstonia halcyon F.G. Thompson, 1977Pyrgulopsis hershleri F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - Marstonia hershleri (F.G. Thompson, 1995)Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker, 1901) - gravel pyrg - Marstonia letsoni (Walker, 1901)Pyrgulopsis lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890) - boreal marstonia - Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890)Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - Marstonia ogmorhaphe (F.G. Thompson, 1977)Pyrgulopsis olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895) - olive marstonia - Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895)Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)Pyrgulopsis pachyta (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - Marstonia pachyta F.G. Thompson, 1977Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - Marstonia scalariformis (Wolf, 1869)
