President of Iceland

Origin

When Iceland became a republic in 1944 by the passing of a new constitution the position of King of Iceland was simply replaced by President of Iceland. A transitional provision of the new constitution stipulated that the first President be elected by the Parliament.

Etymology of Forseti

Etymology of the word Forseti from Old Norse is "the presiding one" and it is the name of one of Æsir gods, i.e. the one of justice and reconciliation in Norse mythology. He is generally identified with Fosite, a god of the Frisians.

Cabinet

The President appoints ministers to the Cabinet of Iceland, determines their number and division of assignments. Ministers are not able to resign and must be discharged by the President. The ministers are delegated the President's executive powers and are solely responsible for their actions.

In the aftermath of general elections, the President has the role to designate a party leader (the one that the President considers most likely to be able to form a majority coalition government) to formally start negotiations to form a government. Sveinn Björnsson and Ásgeir Ásgeirsson played highly active roles in the formation of governments, attempting to set up governments that suited their political preferences, whereas Kristján Eldjárn and Vigdís Finnbogadóttir were passive and neutral as to individuals and parties comprising the government.

State Council

The President and the Cabinet meet in the State Council. The Cabinet must inform the President of important matters of the state and drafted bills. During meetings the Cabinet may also suggest convening, adjourning or dissolving the Parliament.

Prosecution and pardoning

The President can decide that the prosecution for an offense be discontinued and can also grants pardon and amnesty.

Legislative powers

Article 2 of the constitution states that the President and the Parliament jointly exercise the legislative power. The President signs bills passed by the Parliament into law and can chose not to sign them, thus in effect vetoing them. Bills vetoed by the President do take effect immediately, should the Parliament not withdraw them, but they must be confirmed in a referendum. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016) is the only President to have vetoed legislation from the Parliament, having done so on three occasions (2004, 2010, 2011). This power was originally intended to be used only in extremely extenuating circumstances.

The President has the power to submit bills and resolutions to the Parliament which it must take under consideration. Should the Parliament not be in session the President can issue provisional laws which must conform with the constitution. Provisional laws become void if the Parliament does not confirmed them when it convenes. No President has ever submitted bills nor resolutions, nor issued provisional laws.

Article 30 of the constitution states that the President can grant exceptions from laws. No President has ever exercised this authority.

Parliament

The President convenes the Parliament after general elections and dissolves it. He can temporarily adjourn its sessions and move them if he deems so necessary. Furthermore the President opens all regular sessions of the Parliament each year.

Ceremonial duties

The President is the designated grand master of the Order of the Falcon.

Compensation

The President receives a monthly salary of 2,480,341 ISK. Article 9 of the constitution states the salary can not be lowered for an incumbent President.

Residence

Article 12 of the constitution states that the President shall reside in or near Reykjavík. Since inception the official residence of the President has been Bessastaðir which is in Garðabær.

Eligibility

Articles 4 and 5 of the constitution set the following qualifications for holding the presidency:

Succession

Articles 7 and 8 of the constitution state that when the President dies or is otherwise unable to perform his duties, such as when he is abroad or sick, the Prime Minister, the President of the Parliament and the President of the Supreme Court shall collectively assume the power of the office. Their meetings are lead by the President of the Parliament where they vote on any presidential decisions. The presidential term is completed and a new President is elected by the general public.

Impeachment

Article 11 of the constitution lays out the process by which the President can be removed from office. It states that the President does not bear responsibility for the actions of his government and that he can not be prosecuted without consent of the Parliament. A referendum instigated by the Parliament with 3/4 support must approve of his removal. Once the Parliament has approved of the referendum, the President must temporarily step aside until the results of the referendum are known. The referendum must be held within two months of the vote, and, should the removal be rejected by the people, then the Parliament must immediately be dissolved and a new general election held.

An impeachment has not occurred since the founding of the republic.

List

There have been six Presidents since the establishment of the republic.

Term: ¹ appointed · ² died in office · ³ uncontested